Nyukiliotayidi - ndi chiyani ichi? The zikuchokera, kapangidwe, chiwerengero ndi ndondomeko ya nucleotides mu unyolo DNA

moyo wonse pa dziko wapangidwa ndi maselo ambiri amene amathandiza inalamula wa bungwe lawo likuvutika ali phata mfundo chibadwa. Iwo akadali pano, zagwiridwa ndi opatsirana mankhwala zovuta macromolecular - ndi asidi mkati wopangidwa mayunitsi ndi monomer - nucleotides. sikutheka Musaone udindo wa zidulo mkati. Mtendere wa nyumba zawo anatsimikiza mtima kugwira ntchito wabwinobwino wa chamoyo, ndi zolakwika aliyense mu dongosolo la n'kogwiritsa kayendetsedwe ka ma, ntchito zako thupi ndi viability maselo ambiri.

Lingaliro la nyukiliotayidi ndi katundu

Aliyense molekyulu ya DNA kapena RNA wapangidwa mankhwala ang'onoang'ono monomeric - nyukiliotayidi. Mu mawu ena, nucleotides - nyumba zingatipunthwitse zidulo mkati, co-michere ndi zina zambiri mankhwala kwachilengedwenso, amene ali ovuta selo pa moyo wake.

The katundu chachikulu cha zinthu izi zofunika monga:

• kusungiramo zokhudza kapangidwe mapuloteni ndi makhalidwe tinatengera;
• Control pa kukula ndi kubereka;
• nawo kagayidwe ndi zina zambiri ndondomeko zokhudza thupi mchipindamo.

The zikuchokera nucleotides ndi

Ponena za nucleotides, sitingathe akukhala pa nkhani zofunika kwambiri monga kapangidwe awo ndi zikuchokera.

Aliyense nyukiliotayidi tichipeza:

• shuga zotsalira;
• nitrogenous m'munsi;
• mankwala gulu kapena zotsalira asidi phosphoric.

Tikhoza kunena kuti nyukiliotayidi - kuipidwa organic pawiri. Malinga zikuchokera yeniyeni ndi mtundu wa zapansi nitrogenous mu nyukiliotayidi pentose dongosolo asidi mkati lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu:

• deoxyribonucleic acid kapena DNA;
• asidi ribonucleic, kapena RNA.

Zikuchokera asidi mkati

The mkati asidi-pentose shuga zonse. Izi shuga asanu ndi mpweya mu DNA umatchedwa deoxyribose, mu RNA - ribose. Himogulobini aliyense ali pentoses maatomu asanu ndi mpweya anayi amene pamodzi ndi atomu mpweya kupanga mphete zisanu ziwalo, ndi mbali yachisanu ya gulu HO-CH2.

Udindo wa aliyense atomu mpweya mu molekyulu ndi pentose amaimira Arabic numeral ndi yaikulu (1C, 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C '). Popeza njira zonse powerenga za uthengawu ku maselo ndi tinthu mkati asidi ndi directivity okhwima, kuwerenga maatomu a carbon ndi makonzedwe awo mphete kutumikira monga Cholozera malangizo olondola.

Gulu hydroxyl kwa winanso ndi wachisanu maatomu mpweya (ndi 3S '5S') Ufumuyo phosphoric asidi zotsalira. Iye Mzimuyo chizindikiro mankhwala DNA ndi RNA gulu la zidulo.

Woyamba mpweya atomu (1s ') nitrogenous m'munsi Ufumuyo shuga molekyulu.

Species zapansi zikuchokera nitrogenous

Nucleotides wa zapansi nitrogenous DNA awa akuimira mitundu inayi:

• adenine (A);
• guanine (G);
• cytosine (C);
• thymine (T).

The awiri a kalasi ya purines, awiri otsiriza - pyrimidine. Maselo kulemera purine pyrimidine nthawi zonse ankawonjezereka.

Nucleotides RNA zapansi nitrogenous achokera:

• adenine (A);
• guanine (G);
• cytosine (C);
• uracil (U).

Uracil komanso thymine, ndi pyrimidine m'munsi.

Mu mabuku ambiri a sayansi ndi zambiri mukhoza kupeza zina zoti nitrogenous zapansi - makalata Latin (A, T, C, G, U).

mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo mankhwala purines ndi pyrimidines.

Pyrimidines, ndicho cytosine, thymine ndi uracil, mu dongosolo la ukufanizidwa ndi awiri maatomu asafe ndi maatomu anayi mpweya n'kupanga asanu ziwalo mphete. Lililonse atomu ali chiwerengero chake kuchokera 1 mpaka 6.

Purines (adenine ndi guanine) tichipeza pyrimidine ndi imidazole kapena heterocycles awiri. Molekyulu purine zapansi umaimiridwa ndi maatomu asafe anayi ndipo maatomu mpweya asanu. Aliyense atomu anawerengedwa kuyambira 1 mpaka 9.

Chifukwa pawiri la nitrogenous m'munsi ndi zotsalira pentose anapanga nucleoside. Nyukiliotayidi - pawiri nucleoside ndi gulu mankwala.

Mapangidwe kumangidwa phosphodiester

Nkofunika kumvetsa funso mmene kuphatikiza ndi nucleotides mu unyolo polypeptide kupanga mkati asidi molekyulu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa otchedwa nsinga phosphodiester.

Mogwirizana kwa nucleotides awiri amapatsa dinucleotide. Mapangidwe mankhwala atsopano amapezeka ndi condensation monga pakati pa mankwala zotsalira za monomer wina ndi mzake hydroxy pentose phosphodiester chomangira amapezeka.

Polynucleotide kaphatikizidwe - mobwerezabwereza kubwereza kwa linachepa (a mamilioni angapo nthawi). A unyolo polynucleotide inamangidwa ndi kupanga kumangidwa phosphodiester pakati wachitatu ndi wachisanu carbons dzuwa (3S 'ndi 5S').

Kusonkhana polynucleotide - ndondomeko zovuta chimene chimachitika pamene enzyme DNA polymerase, amene amathandiza yekha kukula unyolo pa wina kumapeto (3) ndi ufulu hydroxy gulu.

Kapangidwe ka DNA

A DNA komanso mapuloteni akhoza kukhala yaikulu, zasekondale ndi ukachenjede dongosolo.

The ndondomeko ya nucleotides mu unyolo DNA imalongosola zake zikuluzikulu dongosolo. Kapangidwe Secondary aumbike chifukwa nsinga wa hydrogen, chifukwa cha zomwe yatsoka ndi anaika mapolojekiti mfundo. M'mawu ena, mu kupanga DNA awiri helix amachita zonse zina: adenine, thymine limafanana dera wina, guanine - cytosine ndi mosemphanitsa. Awiriawiri adenine ndi thymine kapena guanine ndi cytosine anapanga ndi awiri oyamba ndi otsiriza nsinga wa hydrogen mlandu atatu. Chotero mpanda wa imapereka olimba unyolo chomangira nyukiliotayidi ndi mtunda wofanana pakati pawo.

Kudziwa ndondomeko ya nucleotides mu unyolo DNA ndi mfundo za mapolojekiti angathe wachiwiri kapena enaake.

Kapangidwe ukachenjede ya DNA zovuta aumbike mwa maunyolo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, amene molekyulu kupanga kwambiri yaying'ono komanso aluso anaikidwa yaing'ono selo buku. Mwachitsanzo, E. coli DNA kutalika ndi wamkulu kuposa 1 mm, pamene kutalika selo - n'komwe 5 microns.

chiwerengero cha nucleotides mu DNA, ndipo ubale wawo kachulukidwe ndi wolamulidwa Chergaffa (nambala ya zapansi purine nthawi zonse wofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa pyrimidine). Mtunda pakati nucleotides - zonse wofanana 0,34 nm, ndi kulemera maselo.

Kapangidwe ya RNA molekyulu

RNA ukufanizidwa ndi unyolo umodzi polynucleotide, popangidwa ndi nsinga covalent pakati pentose (ribose mu nkhani iyi) ndi mankwala moiety. M'litali ndi zocheperapo DNA. Mitundu zikuchokera kwa zapansi nitrogenous mu nyukiliotayidi ndi pali kusiyana. The RNA pyrimidine m'munsi thymine m'malo uracil ntchito. Malinga ndi ntchito anachita mu thupi, RNA akhoza mitundu itatu.

• Ribosomal (rRNA) - Nthawi zambiri ali ku 3,000 kuti nucleotides 5,000. Monga kofunika structural chigawo chimodzi kumatanthauza mapangidwe pakati yogwira ribosomes, malo a imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri selo - mapuloteni biosynthesis.
• Transport (tRNA) - tichipeza avareji 75 - 95 nucleotides, anachita kulanda malo kufunika kwa amino asidi polypeptide kaphatikizidwe mu ribosome. Mtundu uliwonse wa tRNA (osachepera 40) ali chibadidwe ake okha ku ilo ndondomeko ya nucleotides kapena monomers.
• Information (RNAi) - mu nyukiliotayidi zikuchokera ndi yosiyanasiyana. Kulanda mudziwe majini kwa DNA ribosomes, amachita monga Chinsinsi kupanga mapuloteni molekyulu.

Udindo wa nucleotides mu thupi

Nucleotides muchipindachi kuchita angapo ntchito zofunika:

• ntchito ngati nyumba zingatipunthwitse kwa zidulo mkati (nyukiliotayidi purine ndi pyrimidine zino);
• PALI njira zambiri kagayidwe kachakudya mu selo;
• gawo la ATP - mphamvu yaikulu gwero maselo;
• Kugwila monga zamoyo zina kuchepetsa zofanana mu maselo (nad +, NADP +, potengera anzawo, FMN);
• Kugwila monga bioregulators;
• Kodi tikambirana monga amithenga chachiwiri extracellular kaphatikizidwe zonse (mwachitsanzo, msasa kapena cGMP).

Nyukiliotayidi - ndi monomer wagawo kuti ndipamene kwambiri mankhwala zovuta - zidulo mkati, popanda zomwe kulanda mudziwe chibadwa, yosungirako ake ndi kubwezeretsa. Free nucleotides ndi Gawo nawo ndondomeko chizindikiro mphamvu ndi maselo zothangatira ndi chamoyo wabwinobwino wa chamoyo wonse.