Oxides Oksidiy.Soleobrazuyuschie ndi nesoleobrazuyuschie

Oxides ndi zinthu zovuta, wopangidwa mwa zinthu ziwiri, mmodzi amene - mpweya m'chigawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni chachiwiri.

Mu mabuku mankhwala kwa oxides nomenclature azitsatira malamulo otsatirawa:

1. Polemba mitunduyi mpweya nthawi zonse kuyika mu malo lachiwiri - NO, CaO.
2. Kuitana oxides, poyamba nthawi zonse ntchito okusayidi mawu, pambuyo ndi mu genitive chachiwiri mchitidwe dzina: Bao - barium oxide K₂O - potaziyamu okusayidi.
3. Pankhaniyi pamene zinthu chimapanga oxides zambiri pambuyo dzina m'mabokosi amasonyeza wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la chinthu, mwachitsanzo N₂O₅ - nitric okusayidi (V), Fe₂O₃ - chitsulo okusayidi (II), Fe₂O₃ - chitsulo okusayidi (III).
4. Kuitana oxides ambiri kwenikweni zofunikira asapita maatomu pa mawerengero molekyulu tisonyezeni lolingana Greek: N₂O - dinitrogen oxide NO₂ - asafe dioxide, N₂O₅ - dinitrogen pentoxide, NO - asafe monoxide.
5. asidi Mankwala anhydrides ndi zofunika kuyitana monga momwe oxides ndi (mwachitsanzo, N₂O₅ - nitric okusayidi (V)).

Oxides akhoza zopezera m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

1. Yatikhudza ndi mpweya ndi zinthu zophweka. Zambiri zinthu ali oxidized pansi Kutentha zambiri kumasula kutentha ndi kuwala. Zimenezi amatchedwa woyaka
   C + O₂ = CO₂
2. Chifukwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni zinthu zovuta analandira oxides wa zinthu zimene m'gulu zikuchokera nkhani kuyambira:
   2H₂S + 3O₂ = 2 2 H₂O + SO₂
3. kuwonongeka ku feteleza pa, hydroxides, carbonates:
   2Cu (NO₃) ₂ = 2CuO + 4NO₂ + O₂
   CaCO₃ = CaO + CO₂
   Cu (o) ₂ = CuO + H₂O
4. Chifukwa cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa oxides zitsulo za zinthu zina. zochita zofanana zinathandiza metallothermy - ayambe zitsulo ku oxides awo ndi zitsulo yogwira:
   2Al + Cr₂O₃ = 2Cr ± Al₂O₃
5. Ndi kuwonongeka kwa oxides apamwamba kapena makutidwe ndi okosijeni a m'munsi:
   4CrO₃ = 2Cr₂O₃ + 3O₃
   4FeO + O₂ = 2Fe₂O₃
   4CO + O₂ = 2CO₂

Gawo zochokera oxides katundu wawo mankhwala kutanthauza magawano awo mu oxides mchere zomwe zimapezeka ndi nesoleobrazuyuschie (osayanjanitsika). Salt-kupanga oxides, nayenso, ogaŵikana acidic, zoyambirira ndi amphoteric.

The oxides waukulu zizigwirizana m'munsi lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Na₂O, CaO, MgO - oxides zofunika, popeza ikugwirizana maziko a - NaOH, Ca (o) ₂, mg (o) ₂. Ena oxides (K₂O ndi CaO) mosavuta anatani ndi madzi ndi kupanga ziwalo m'munsi:

CaO + H₂O = Ca (o) ₂

K₂O + H₂O = 2KOH

Oxides wa Fe₂O₃, CuO, Ag₂O ndi madzi samva, koma chidulo kwatha, umene kofunika:

Fe₂O₃, + 6HCl = 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂OCuO + H₂SO₄ + H₂O

Ag₂O + 2HNO₃ = 2AgNO₃ + H₂O

Chitsanzo mankhwala katundu wa oxides mtundu - anachita awo ndi zidulo, chifukwa cha zomwe, monga ulamuliro, madzi opangidwa ndi mchere:

FeO + 2HCl = FeCl₂ + H₂O

oxides Basic anatani komanso ndi oxides acidic:

CaO + CO₂ = CaCO₃.

oxides Acidic zizigwirizana zidulo Mwachitsanzo, okusayidi N₂O₃ limafanana nitric asidi HNO₂, Cl₂O₇ - asidi perchloric, HClO₄, SO₃ - sulfuric asidi H₂SO₄.

Waukulu mankhwala katundu oxides amenewa ndi kulabadira kwawo ndi zapansi anapanga mchere ndi madzi:

2NaOH + CO₂ = NaCO₃ + H₂O

oxides kwambiri acidic anatani ndi madzi, kupanga asidi ofanana. Pa nthawi yomweyo SiO₂ okusayidi pafupifupi insoluble m'madzi, koma n'chongoletsa m'munsi Choncho, ndi okusayidi acidic:

2NaOH + SiO₂ = (maphatikizidwe) Na₂siO₃ + H₂O

Amphoteric oxides - oxides kuti malinga kuwonetsa katundu acidic ndi zofunika, i.e., mwa kuchita ndi zidulo zinthu ngati oxides pamoyo, ndipo ndi anachita ndi zapansi - ngati acid.

Osati oxides onse amphoteric kucheza mofanana ndi zapansi ndi zidulo. Ena yapadera kwambiri katundu zofunika, ena - acidic.

Ngati okusayidi nthaka kapena chromium mofanana amachitira ndi zidulo ndi zapansi, ndiye okusayidi Fe₂O₃ katundu zofunika amachuluka.

The katundu wa amphoteric oxides ZnO ali taphunzira chitsanzo ichi:

ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂O

ZnO + 2NaOH = Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie musati kupanga kapena zidulo kapena zapansi (mwachitsanzo, N₂O, NO).

Komanso, musataye zochita ofanana oxides anthu mchere zomwe zimapezeka. oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie angamvere ndi zidulo kapena alkalies, koma musati kupanga mankhwala zikusonyeza oxides mchere zomwe zimapezeka, monga 150⁰S ndi 1.5 MPa NKHA amachitira ndi hydroxide ndi sodium kupanga mchere - formate ndi sodium:

NKHA + NaOH = HCOONa

oxides Nesoleobrazuyuschie rasprostranenіy osati aatali ngati zina oxides anapanga, makamaka zokhudza nonmetals divalent.