Russian ndakatulo Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev: mwachidule mbiri, zilandiridwenso ndi mbiri ya moyo

Nduna ya Za Chilungamo, anati otchuka ndi ndakatulo kwambiri anabadwa mu Simbirsk, mu banja inatera. dzina lake anali Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev. Mwachidule mbiri limafotokoza nkhani ya kani katundu moyo oyambirira ntchito. Boma la makolo ake akumuchitira Pugachovskim kupanduka, kotero pa khumi ndi zinayi, Ivan anakhala wamba Semenov Regiment.

ubwana

Boy adakulira mudzi pafupi Syzran, pang'ono anaphunzira ku Kazan ndi Simbirsk, kumene ankakhala ku sukulu yogonera komweko, koma mwana wa banja si anakokera kuphunzitsa, ndi Ivan anabwerera kumudzi, kumene maphunziro awo paokha. Mwachitsanzo, iye chinenerochi French, kuwerenga chabe ndi kumasulira mitundu yonse ya nkhani zimene zinali mu laibulale kholo. Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev, kanthawi yonena amene sakhoza akomere awiri nyota wolemba ndakatulo wamng'ono, anali ndi cholinga kwambiri.

Makamaka, iye ankakonda nthano ya La Fontaine, amene anamasulira osati descenders, komanso cholinga luso, ndi rhymes lapansi. Kotero chidwi nthano wake, iye anayesa kuti alembe iwo yekha. Mu 1774, Ivan akufuna kutumikira mu Semenov Regiment, komwe analembedwa zaka ziwiri zapitazo, ndipo anachoka St. Petersburg.

Anzawo kwambiri amakonda zosangalatsa, koma kulangidwa kwambiri mnyamata wina wongonena zodabwitsa, ndipo ngakhale ndakatulo. The nkhani yaitali iye ankakhoza kuwauza watanthauzo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi waufupi kwambiri. Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev, kanthawi yonena amene amadziwika ngakhale kuti asukulu nkomwe bwino ayesedwa a m'nthawi yathu, chifukwa nthawi kuti chinenero chamakono Russian anachokera zimene ife tsopano kuyitana chachikale chinkawavuta.

Ophunzira ndi chiyambi cha njira kulenga

Mu 1783 anabwerera ku St. Petersburg NM Karamzin. Ivan anakumana ndi wolemba amene pafupifupi mantha, nthawi zambiri anakumana ndi kukambirana za mabuku iwo kuwerenga, kupezeka pa zisudzo pamodzi, anaganizirapo kope la magazini. Patapita kanthawi Karamzin kwenikweni anayambitsa "Moscow Journal", pali mabuku ndakatulo Dmitrieva.

Dmitriev Ivan Ivanovich (1760-1837) mwachidule mbiri imasonyeza kuti iye anali wophunzira wa N. M. Karamzina. Kuweruza ndi mabuku, iye anali m'njira zambiri ndi otsatira ake. Mu 1777 anayamba njira yake ndakatulo, pamene "St. Petersburg asayansi boma yotchedwa Gazette" lofalitsidwa ndakatulo yake yoyamba. Komabe, wolemba ndakatulo sanapite Nganizilani ichi chiyambi: zonse patsogolo 1791, maina rhyming kanthu.

zolembalemba kutchuka

Koma nyimbo, "moans nkhunda nkhunda" anapeza kutchuka ngati mu 1792, amene sanali munthu kukhala odzichepetsa. Komanso satirical nthano "yapamwamba Mkazi" amagwiritsidwanso kwambiri ambiri ayankhidwa mu mabwalo zolembalemba. Dmitriev anali otchuka mwini ndime tcheru, mitundu yonse ya malo ndakatulo - epigrams, madrigals, zolemba chabe. Iye analembanso satires zopeka, amene ali ofunitsitsa kumvetsera ndi kunena pamtima Russian anthu.

m'nthawi yathu ndi ofunika kukumbukira kuti ngakhale ntchito Dmitriev akale Derzhavin syllable za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, koma umabweretsa pa mabuku Russian kwambiri za mwini wake ndi zatsopano, monga kukambirana ndakatulo, Izitu n'zovutitsa, katundu wa m'nyumba (zosavomerezeka kale mu "kalembedwe mkulu"), ndi kusachita ine shied kuchokera chidzalo cha moyo kwambiri sanali wachilendo kwa ndakatulo za nthawi. Koma chinenero, inde, zachikale, ndi nthano, zimene zimafunika kuti pang'onopang'ono kumasulira, ndi ubwenzi chibadwidwe, ngakhale ndi kalembedwe zonse zimene amanoledwa ndi wanzeru.

kafukufuku folklore

Monga tanena onse amakonda kukwaniritsa maganizo ake Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev. Mwachidule yonena limatiuza kuti pali sukulu imodzi yokha imene anakhala moyo ake onse, ndi sukulu imeneyi - wowerengeka luso. Kuyambira ndili mwana, anachita chidwi Russian song, iye anayesetsa kuti akhale yekha zopereka. Iye anaphunzira malemba, kuloweza awo makhalidwe, zikuchokera, kapangidwe, mawu.

Mwina zimenezi zinathandiza Dmitriev kulemba nyimbo kuti ankaimba iliyonse pabalaza, "Sizyi nkhunda", "Leka, kumeza ..." "O, pamene ine ndinali kale ...". iwo onse ali ofanana kwambiri oyerekezera wakale nyimbo. Baibulo mabuku a novellicheski awo anapangidwa, ndiko kuti, narratively, ndi sewero yosalala mu ndime chete, kumverera zofewa, chowala chisoni. Ndi chifukwa m'nthawi ankaganizira, kuti a ndakatulo Dmitriev zinafa roughness ndi sharpness mawu Russian wowerengeka. M'malemba wake mofunitsitsa ndipo pasanapite nthawi analemba nyimbo ndi Oimba ngati wotchuka ngati Verstovsky, Dubyansky, Zhuchkovsky.

M'chigawo choyamba cha nyimbo

Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev, kanthawi mbiri yomwe limafotokoza nkhani ya mwachizolowezi abwino ndi aulere nthabwala wake, lofalitsidwa zosonkhanitsira wake mu 1796 ndi dzina "Ndipo zokongoletsera wanga" pambuyo buku Karamzin ndi "opanda pake wanga". Wokongola, ngati nthabwala, iye anati, komabe iye amaona kuti wophunzira wa mbuye kwambiri.

"Pocket nyimbo" kuti chidagawika patatu: Chigawo choyamba - woyambitsa nyimbo, zoyambirira (GR Derzhavin, vv Kapnist, M. M. Heraskov, II Dmitriev, NGATI Bogdanovich ndi ena ); chigawo chachiwiri - atsanzire kukoma wotchuka; lachitatu - mwangwiro zotukwana nyimbo.

Izi wowerengeka pawiri, zolembalemba, ndi kutengedwera mwangwiro zolembalemba nyimbo chotengera limodzi ndi amalembedwa yonena Dmitrieva Ivana Ivanovicha. Chidule cha nyimbo pa cholembera cha wolemba - kompayila ya chopereka, mukhoza kudali motere: iwo kumvetsa inexhaustibility akasupe chilengedwe wowerengeka nyimbo. Iwo kumveka ngati nyimbo anapitiriza chuma cha Russia: nkhani, mawu zithunzi za nyimbo zake kwa nthawi yaitali zidzakhala zofunikira kwa ife monga chizindikiro cha nthawi kutembenukira kusiya chinenero.

sentimentalism

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma mu Russia wabwera latsopano zolembalemba azimuth - sentimentalism. Classicism pang'onopang'ono m'malo ku Ulaya, mabuku, nyimbo, kujambula pa nthawi yomwe inadutsa kukhumudwa kufupi moyo m'matauni ndi chitukuko ambiri. Ndipo ndakatulo athu anali oyandikira mwachibadwa zachilengedwe, kodi mobwerezabwereza za pa yonena za Dmitrieva Ivana Ivanovicha.

Chidule sentimentalism: m'malingaliro osati kuganiza kuti apadera, wangwiro ndi kusankha zimene sizingavutitse. Apa ndi Russian olemba atembenukira ku chikhalidwe, Karamzin ndi Dmitriev, kwambiri kuona mmene onse European amene anali kutsogolera ina yatsopano. Komabe, mofulumira anachita naye ndi kukakhala.

Kuyambira nyimbo - odes kuti

Potsanzira wowerengeka nyimbo anabweretsa kutchuka wolemba ndakatulo, koma kwenikweni sunawakhutitse iye, mtundu wanyimbo anali kwambiri sanali wodzikonda, ndi chisoni, kukhumba chibadidwe nyimbo Folk, sanali wachilendo kwa munthu uyu mokondwera.

Dmitriev anali munthu wansangala, koma popanda pang'ono unruliness, zoyera mwakhama wamba. Pa izi ndi chimasonyeza kuti munthu ameneyu kwambiri makhalidwe abwino ngati Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev, kanthawi mbiri. Zilandiridwenso odziwikiratu, ngakhale zina wosokeretsa owerenga. Mwachitsanzo, pamene iye akuwerenga ndakatulo Dmitrieva pa amasangalatsa, vinyo ndi mafunde chibwana, si za wolemba. Ndi msonkho kwa mawonekedwe a nthawi. Mlembi bohemia osati "anagona".

Ndiye Dmitriev kusiya odes, kupanga mtundu chosiyana kwa izo, sanali Lomonosov, imene onse akadali ndi kuzitsanzira. The masitampu odes Dmitrieva kutha, koma amakhalabe mkulu pathos. Awa ndi ode "Pa Volga", "Ermak", "Kumasuka wa Moscow". mawu ndakatulo umakhala zachilengedwe, pali lyricism, izo ziri pano kuti m'kupita kumera mbewu m'tsogolo elegies, ndipo mwina onse romanticism Russian.

Fabulist ndi wongonena

Dmitriev - wolemba ndakatulo kwambiri m'zigawozigawo. Mu kugwa m'chikondi ndi La Fontaine kuyambira ubwana, komabe iye "recreate" ndi nthano yakale, zikuoneka kuti mtundu chitsanzo ndi Russian nthano, kumene mmalo mwa moralism mwachizolowezi zikumveka malo wolemba ndi mfundo yoti view. Chikhalidwe cha zoseketsa, mu mtundu wanyimbo ichi, iye wandikhutiritsa ndi azithunzithunzi kusewera kudzikondweretsa suoneka. nthano izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi "Bee, Bumblebee ndi Ine". Fabulist Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev, kanthawi yonena omwe akunena izi nawonso, anakwanitsa kukhala mpainiya Mitundu yonse imene anayamba.

Ndipo nkhani Dmitrieva popanda fabulousness, ndichiyani nthano? Izi ndi zoseketsa kwambiri vesi mabuku limachokera ku modernity ake. "Nthano", "Chithunzi", "yapamwamba Mkazi" - zonse zimene zalembedwa mu njira iyi. Wolemba ndakatulo anafotokoza awa ochokera ntchito chifukwa sanafune kuwakhumudwitsa iwo, anatseka Zotengera wake kuti pochepetsa, ndi renaming ku nthano.

afterword

Dmitrieva nkhani akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ndakatulo zina zambiri ndi olemba. Mwachitsanzo, A. S. Pushkin akufotokozedwa Ivan mu "Mwanawe Captain ake '. Image Grinyova ngati wamkulu ku ndakatulo munthu kuyambira ubwana olembedwa Regiment lapansi. Dmitriev ananenanso ndakatulo kwambiri ndi Pugachev chilango, anaona yekha. Ndipo ngakhale "amalume kwambiri malamulo chilungamo" - komanso Demetrius, ndipo anali ndi mwana wamkazi, phwando holo, komanso mwana. Ubwenzi chachikulu Dmitriev Ine S Vasiliem Lvovichem - amalume a Alexander.

About Dmitriev monga ofuna kusintha, analemba VG Belinsky, kuganizira mofatsa chinenero okhazikitsa, pamodzi ndi Karamzin Karamzin ankangochita izi prose, ndi Dmitriev anayamba bizinesi mu ndime Pushkin a. Zhukovsky analemba kuti Russian ndakatulo kukoma anapereka Dmitriev Ivan Ivanovich. Short yonena kuti ana ichinso limatiuza. Chilango anali osangalala, ofesi, zinthu anapita mwangwiro, ndi kuwonjezeka zinachitika popanda Kankhani pang'ono kuchokera mu mbali yake. Komabe, ndi mafuno abwino anali Ufumuyo ukhondo, kuona mtima, ndi wowolowa manja, chilungamo, khama ndiponso kufufuza mosalekeza njira yatsopano.