Symbiotes ndi zamoyo zomwe zimadyetsa ... Zamagulu ndi zinyama

Kusagwirizana, kapena kugwirizanitsa phindu pakati pa zamoyo ziwiri kapena zambiri, wakhala akudziwika kwa nthawi yaitali. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti zinyengo zambiri za zochitikazi sizinaphunzire kapena kuziphunzira bwino.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba chodabwitsa ichi chozizwitsa chinapezedwa ndi wasayansi wa Switzerland ku Schwendener mu 1877. Pa nthawi imeneyo anali akungoyang'ana maluwa. Chodabwitsa chake chinali chakuti zamoyozi ndizowonjezera, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mitundu ya bowa komanso zinyama zosavuta kumva. Mawu omwewo akuti "symbiosis" m'mabuku a sayansi anawonekera patapita nthawi. Momwemo, adafunsidwa mu 1879 ku Paris.

Ndi lingaliro la anthu omwe amasankhidwa mwachangu, koma panali funso ndi mpikisano. Kodi mitundu ina ya zamoyo zimadya chiyani? Pankhani ya lichens yomweyi, zinali zoonekeratu kuti algae amakhala ndi photosynthesis, koma ndi pamene zakudya za fungal zigawo zimachokera? Ngati simukudziwa yankho la funso ili, tikukupemphani kuti muwerenge nkhani yathu.

Zambiri zadzidzidzi

Asayansi amasiku ano apeza kuti tizilombo ndi tizilombo zomwe zimadyetsa (nthawi zambiri) zofanana ndi zomwe zimadyedwa ndi nyama yaikulu. Komabe, iyi ndi tanthauzo lopanda pake komanso losalondola kwambiri, choncho ndikofunikira kufotokozera milandu ingapo yosangalatsa kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane.

Mwinamwake mungapereke zitsanzo nokha. Choncho, mabakiteriya othandiza kwa anthu ambiri amapezeka mu acidophilic yoghurts. Anthu amapereka malo okongola kwambiri, ndipo mabakiteriya amatsimikizira kuti ntchito yathu ya m'mimba ndi yabwino kwambiri.

Mwa njira, Kutushov odziwika bwino anagwiritsa ntchito izi. Zilombozi, zikhalidwe zomwe amagulitsa, zimapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka m'mimba, ngakhale okalamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mavuto aakulu.

Algae ngati chithunzithunzi chachikulu

Kwa nthawi yaitali akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi ya zamoyo atulukira kuti popanda algae, palibe zamoyo zomwe zingathe kuchita. Ndipo sitikulankhula za madzi okha, komanso zazing'ono zapadziko lapansi. Amatha kukhala ndi ubale weniweni wina ndi mzake, komanso mabakiteriya, bowa, zamoyo zambiri. Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti mndandanda wa algae omwe angathe kuthandizana nawo ndi ochepa.

Choncho, maubwenzi opindulitsa omwe ali ndi fungus akhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi oimira magulu asanu kapena asanu ndi awiri, ndipo mbiri yakale ikuphatikizidwa muzigawo: Nostoc, Gloeocapsa, Scytonema ndi Stigonema.

About algae ndi sloths

Anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti ku Amazon komweko kuli nyama yodabwitsa kwambiri. Iyo inali yotchuka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake ndi kupepuka kwake. Inde, tikukamba za sloths. Koma kutali ndi aliyense amadziwa kuti mtundu wa zinyama izi (zobiriwira zobiriwira, zofiira) siziwonekera chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe a malaya, koma chifukwa cha zinyama zachilendo.

Amakhala mu ubweya wa nsalu komanso amadyetsa kawirikawiri photosynthesis. Osowa amawoneka bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha iwo. Kulankhula momveka bwino, asayansi sanafike pamaganizo ogwirizana kuti kukhalapo kotere kumapereka algae okha. Pankhaniyi, zinyama ndi zamoyo zomwe zimadyetsa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndizokha pokhapokha ngati zowonongeka.

Mitundu yodabwitsa ya maubwenzi pakati pa algae ndi zamoyo zina

Malamulo ndi zithunzithunzi ndizo chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wa nthawi yaitali pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya moyo. Koma osati nthawi zonse, mabakiteriya ndi algae, amapanga mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi wamuyaya ndi zamoyo zina. Kotero, nthawi zambiri amangokhala pamwamba pa zamoyo. Inde, palibe funso lachidziwitso chokwanira pa nkhaniyi. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa epiphylation. Filimu yaing'ono kwambiri yochokera ku nsalu zosavuta kwambiri nthawi zambiri imangobisa zipolopolo za mollusks, komanso pamwamba pa thupi la zinyama zam'madzi ndi zinyanja. Choncho, nsomba zam'madzi zam'mphepete mwa nyanja zimatha kukhazikika ngakhale pamphepo zazikulu.

Epiphyte - ma symbionts kapena majeremusi?

Asayansi sagwirizanabe ponena za mgwirizano pakati pa epiphyte ndi zamoyo zambiri. Ena amakhulupirira kuti chodabwitsa ichi ndibwino kuvomereza ngati chiyambi, choyambirira cha maubwenzi achiyanjano.

Chifukwa cha chilungamo, n'zovuta kuvomereza ndi mfundo iyi. Epiphyte sichiwononge mwachindunji zamoyo zomwe zimakhala pamtunda, zomwe ndizopindulitsa (zomwe zimawoneka mulimonsemo) zosawerengedwanso.

Kuvulaza kuchokera ku Epiphytes

Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe miyendo yawo imamatira epiphytes, imakhala yochedwa kwambiri, chifukwa sangathe kusungunuka mwamsanga. Mitengo yapamadzi ya m'madzi, yomwe masamba ake "amamvetsera" mchere wambiri, nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa dzuwa. Mwa njira, madzi amchere onse amakumana nacho chodabwitsa ichi. Tikhoza kunena kuti pakadali pano symbionts ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mwinamwake ngati zingamveka.

Koma! Chodabwitsa cha epiphytism chawerengedwa kwambiri, choipa kwambiri. N'zotheka kuti maubwenzi amenewa samapindula ndi algae okha, komanso ndi zamoyo zambiri. Lamuloli likuyembekezerabe wofufuza. Nanga zimadya chiyani ngati zimakhala mkati mwa maselo apamwamba kapena chomera?

Mitsempha yamatenda

Osati zachilendo kwambiri, symbionts akhoza kukhala mkati mwa maselo a "mbuye" wawo. Ngati tilankhula za algae omwewo, ndiye amatchedwa endophytes. Iwo amapanga endosymbiosis, yomwe ili kale zovuta kwambiri kuposa zozizwitsa zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa. Pakati pa abwenzi, pakali pano, mgwirizano wapafupi, wokhalitsa ndi wamphamvu uli kale. Kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu kumakhalapo chifukwa chakuti zizindikiro monga protozoa zimangodziwidwa ngati zotsatira za maphunziro okwanira komanso ovuta.

Zofunika! Asayansi atsimikiziridwa kwa nthawi yaitali kuti organelles ofunikira kwambiri - mitochondria mu nyama ndi ma chloroplasts mu zomera - anapangidwa nthawi zamakedzana molondola chifukwa cha mgwirizano wothandizira. Panthawi ina iwo anali zamoyo zokha.

Panthawi ina, izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zikhale ndi moyo wamoyo, ndipo zimakhala zogwirizana ndi izo, zomwe zimachititsa kuti thupi lawo likhale ndi mphamvu. Kotero mungathe kunena mwatchutchutchu kuti mitundu yonse yodziwika bwino ya moyo yomwe ikufuna kukhala ndi phindu lokhalitsa pamodzi ingakhale imodzi ndi zamoyo zomwe zili ndi mgwirizano lero.

Kodi mchere umalowa bwanji mu selo?

Kodi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapeza bwanji m'maselo a nyama zakutchire ndi zomera? Mitundu ina ili ndi njira zenizeni zapadera. Ndipo nthawi zambiri iwo sali mu symbiont okha, koma mu "mbali yolandira". Pali madzi osadziwika otchedwa fern - azolla (Azolla). Pamunsi mwa masamba ake muli ndime zochepa zomwe zimatsogolera kumapanga, zomwe zimapangidwira kuphulika. Pano pali mitengoyi ndipo Anabena (Anahaena azollae), omwe amatha kubwerera m'mapanga ndi madzi.

Mbeu imakula, mitsinje ikukula, algae amakhalabe padera. Akatswiri a sayansi akhala akuyesera kupanga mtundu wina wa zamoyo chifukwa cha azoles, koma sanathe kupambana. Munthu akhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti mapangidwe a chiyanjano ndi otheka pokhapokha ngati mwadzidzidzi mwatsatanetsatane wa magawo angapo. Kuphatikizanso, mgwirizano woterewu wanena momveka bwino.

Momwemonso, tizilombo timene timadya timadya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (nitrojeni yokonza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda), zimagawaniza zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mnzanu, koma zimakhala ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingaperekedwe.

Nchifukwa chiyani kugonana koteroko kuli kopindulitsa?

Timawona kuti mankhwala ambiri a nayitrogeni amapezeka mkati mwa mitsempha ya azulu. Zilonda zamtundu wa buluu zomwe zimaloŵa m'thupi zimangoyamwa, koma zimatayikanso kuthetsa mphamvu ya azitrogeni. Zamoyo za symbiont zimayankha mobwerezabwereza, kupereka fern ndi oxygen ndi zinthu zina zakuthupi.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ma symbionts sakuchita kusintha kulikonse m'gulu lawo. Komabe, izi sizili choncho m'maganizo onse a syractic intracellular symbiosis. Kawirikawiri, ziwalozi zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zamoyo zina zimasiyana ndi kuchepetsa kwathunthu kwa membrane. Mwachitsanzo, izi zimachitika mu blue-green algae, zomwe zimayambitsa mgwirizano ndi mitundu ina ya siponji.

Zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso mavitamini

Kwa nthawi yaitali, asayansi onse anali osokonezeka, kuganizira za momwe chimbudzi chimagwirira ntchito. Kodi zamoyozi zimapindula bwanji ndi kudya nkhuni zokha? Posachedwapa zinawoneka kuti pakukonza mwachindunji mitengo yamatabwa kumagwirizana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono-mabakiteriya, omwe ali ndi tizilombo ta protozoa omwe amakhala m'matumbo omwe amadzichotsa okha. Ndondomeko yovuta, koma yothandiza kwambiri.

Koma ochita kafukufuku sankadziwa kumene tizilombo timatenga mphamvu zowonjezera: pambuyo pake, cellulose simungakhale ndi thanzi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, amafunikira nayitrogeni wambiri. Palibe voliyumu yotereyi mu matabwa opukutidwa mwachindunji. Posachedwapa, asayansi ochokera ku Japan adapeza zotsatira zochititsa chidwi, zomwe adazipeza pophunzira bwino za majeremusi omwe amapezeka mu GIT of termites.

Nchiyani chinachitika mu genome yawo?

Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Makamaka, asayansi sanazindikire ma jini omwe amachititsa kupanga puloteni yowonongeka kwa mapulogalamu, komanso omwe ali ndi udindo wokonza nayitrogeni. Njira yomalizayi ndiyo njira yovuta kwambiri yokometsera nayitrogeni ya m'mlengalenga ndi kupanga mapangidwe awo omwe angayanjanitsidwe ndi chomera kapena chomera chamoyo. Izi ndizofunika kwambiri, popeza nayitrogeni yopangidwa m'njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafinite ndipo imapanga mapuloteni.

Mwachidule, pa nkhaniyi, zinyama ndi zamoyo zomwe amadyetsa nkhuni zomwe zimadyeka ndi ziwalo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (nitrogen-fixing bacteria of flagellates) ndi omwe amachititsa kuti azitrogeni azikonzekera, popanda zomwe sizidzatha kapena "alendo" omwe sangakhalemo.

Zomera ndi zitsamba

Popeza tinakumbukira mabakiteriya oteteza nitrogen, sitingathe koma kunena za zomera zowoneka bwino. Iwo, monga aliyense amene amaphunzira botany akukumbukira, ali ndi mapuloteni ambiri a masamba. Chikhalidwe ichi kwa nthawi yaitali chinali chodabwitsa kwambiri kwa asayansi. Ma nyemba amatha kupanga mapuloteni okwanira, ngakhale m'madera amenewa pamene panalibe nayitrojeni m'nthaka!

Kunabwera kuti kufika kwake kunaperekedwa ndi zamoyo za symbiont. Inde-inde, onse anali mabakiteriya omwe amadzikongoletsa ndi nitrojeni, amakhala ndi mitsempha yokhazikika pa mizu ya zomera zonse zowala. Amachotsa nayitrojeni yamtengo wapatali kuchokera kumlengalenga, n'kusandutsa mawonekedwe abwino.

Kugwiritsira ntchito zamalonda

N'zosadabwitsa kuti madokotala akhala akulimbitsa mabakiteriya othandiza kwa anthu. Choyamba chinachitika pogwiritsa ntchito yogurts ndi mankhwala ena a lactic acid, koma lero kufufuza kwafika pamtundu watsopano.

Makamaka odziwika kwambiri masiku ano ndi zizindikiro za Kutushov. Ndi chiyani? Pakalipano, pansi pa zizindikiro izi, zikhalidwe za zamoyo zamkaka wowawasa zimagulitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zakudya zisawonongeke.

Zonse za Kutushov (makamaka, zikhalidwe zawo) zimangogwiritsa ntchito kale ku maphikidwe akale a ku Mongolia chifukwa cha mbale zopangidwa kuchokera ku mkaka waukaka. Kotero iwo amatha kusintha bwino moyo wanu wonse komanso mawonekedwe.

Anapangidwa ndi wasayansi wawo Kutushov. Symbionts mu miyambo ndi yosankhidwa mosamala, amapereka thupi la munthu ndi amino acid zamtengo wapatali ndi microelements. Ndi kupyolera mwa izi kuti zotsatira zabwino zimakwaniritsidwa.