The amuzolengedwa zikuchokera mkaka

Mammary England - chimodzi cha ziwalo zofunika kwambiri m'thupi la akazi nyama zonse. iyo ili synthesizes mkaka, amene ali chakudya cha ana awo mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko postnatal. Mammary England nyama limatchedwa udder. Udder wa ng'ombe imakhala zopangitsa anayi osiyana. Lirilonse linagawidwa pamtengo zachitsulo (ng'ombe zawo - 5-20), aliyense gawo - mu magawo. Mfundo zikuluzikulu structural ndi zinchito botolo la England ndi alveolus, amene waphimbika mu zopezera wandiweyani wa capillaries. Mkaka - polydisperse dongosolo ongokhala woona ndi njira colloidal, suspensions ndi emulsions. mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi madzi woyera ndi chikasu mthunzi, sweetish kukoma ndi fungo a.

Mkaka ndi apanga mu alveoli ndi mwina - ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe ducts excretory. Chinsinsi chifukwa amabwera mu ducts chachikulu, ndiyeno amasonkhana mu chidebe mkaka. Komanso amadutsa mu ngalande ndi unyinji ndipo anamasulidwa mu chilengedwe. Mammary ntchito England mkaka wa m'mawere nthawi, amene kumatenga pafupifupi 300 masiku.

Mkaka - mmodzi wa chakudya chachikulu ndi zinyama. Iwo wapangidwa ndi mapuloteni, lipids, chakudya. Mapuloteni mkaka ng'ombe m'mimba pa 96-99%, lipids - 95, zimam'patsa - 98%.

Chakudya anthu zambiri ntchito mkaka ng'ombe, kupatula - mbuzi, atsala pang'ono, ngamila, njati, akazi nswala, zebu ndi Yak.

Mipweya ya mkaka

za mazana awiri zinthu payekha ali mkaka. mankhwala awa akhoza kugawidwa mu tuzigawo twa asanu lalikulu mchere, madzi, chakudya, lipids, mapuloteni. Mu mkaka, madzi kulibe limati awiri: ufulu nam'manga. Pa molongosola, atayanika ndi zina mankhwala, free madzi mosavuta kuchotsedwa. madzi womangidwa ndi mbali ya solvate zipolopolo polydisperse kachitidwe. Mu mkaka ndende atsopano a madzi omangidwa ndi za 3.5% kuti 2.6% kutungira.

Mapuloteni zikuchokera mkaka. The ndende ya mapuloteni mu mkaka Bovine kungakhale kwa 4%. mkaka kutungira lili makamaka alpha-casein. Mu mkaka, ndipamene caseinate, calcium mankwala zovuta, zomwe zimafunika mapangidwe zamadzimadzi spherules chipolopolo; thermostable α-lactalbumin, zochitika pa biosynthesis a shuga mkaka (lactose) kuchokera monosaccharides ndi (galactose, shuga); β-lactoglobulin denatures mu sing'anga ndale (pH = 7) ndi Kutentha 70 ° C.

Globulins mkaka yodziwika ndi kulemera mkulu maselo (mpaka 1 Mill. INDE), mu dongosolo lawo molekyulu chikuphatikizapo zimam'patsa chigawo chimodzi, iwo kuonetsa katundu wa michere (lipooksidaz). Non-mapuloteni asafe mankhwala amene timapemphera mu urea mkaka ndi pa zidulo osachepera kwa amino, zapansi purine ndi creatine.

The zimam'patsa zikuchokera mkaka. Makamaka chakudya anapereka mkaka lactose (pafupifupi 4.7%), monosaccharides (shuga, galactose) ndi esters phosphoric wa kwa amino dzuwa monosaccharides. Ndende apamwamba lactose m'kaundula mu Chipembere mkaka.

The zamadzimadzi zikuchokera mkaka. The zikuchokera mafuta mkaka imakhala triacylglycerols, sterols, sterols, phospholipids ndi glycolipids. maganizo awo mu mkaka wa nyama kumatengera zifukwa zosiyanasiyana (mkaka wa m'mawere, mtundu, zakudya, etc.). The zatsalira mkaka mafuta ambiri stearic, palmitic, myristic ndi zidulo oleic.

Vitamini zikuchokera mkaka. mkaka wa ng'ombe lili okwanira kuchuluka monga mafuta (A, D, E) ndi sungunuka (PP, B1, B2, C) mavitamini. Kuonjezera ndende ya mavitamini mu mkaka wa nyama kudyetsedwa raznoobraznyme wakudya kuti ali olemera mu mavitamini mu zakudya kutumikiridwa vitamini limafotokoza A, B kapena E. mkaka ndi lili inki: carotenes, chlorophylls ndi lactoflavin, zimadalira maganizo awo mtundu wa mkaka.

Chimodzi mwa zovuta za mkaka ufa ndi kuti ndi mwachilungamo zovuta kuti achire ku mkhalidwe madzi. mankhwala amapangidwa kwa zaka zoposa 110 Komabe, zikuchokera amuzolengedwa a mkaka wa ufa ndi osiyana ndi boma zake zachilengedwe, kotero kuti mkaka madzi ndi zambiri zothandiza kwambiri.