The Congress wa Berlin mu 1878

Wopambana nagonjetsa kukakamiza Balkans asilikali Russian pa Chirasha Turkey nkhondo, umene unachitika mu zaka 1877-1878, anachititsa kuti boma la Turkey kutumiza nthumwi zawo armistice lapansi. Zotsatira zake zinali kusaina Pangano la Berlin.

Mu mawu a Pangano la San Stefano unakhazikitsidwa zimachitika palokha - Great Bulgaria, amene gawo linayambira ku Nyanja Black ku Nyanja Aegean. Turkey anali kutapa asilikali ake onse. Pakuti Russia kubwerera kudziko Akkerman chigawo cha Bessarabia, amene anali atatengedwa mu 1856 pa Paris Mtendere, ndipo chigawo Izmail. Komanso, amapatsa reimbursement wa mtengo wa nkhondo. Komabe, Berlin Congress sanatipatse mwayi kugwira zinthu zonse kuyambirira mu Russia.

Mu England ndi Austria-Hungary zinthu otere anayambitsa mkwiyo kwambiri. Popeza adani a Constantinople ndi Straits anali nthaŵi yaitali loto la England, iye sakanakwanitsa kupita patsogolo pa okha Russian. Komanso, boma la Britain ankaopa kuti likhale la Bulgaria mu dera la chikoka kudzakuthandizani Russia kukhala waukulu Mediterranean mphamvu. Posakhalitsa analengeza kuti boma la Britain sinditi kuvomera mtendere chomveka.

Zomwezo anatengedwa ndi udani Avsto Hungary, n'kuyamba asilikali malire Russian. Pamodzi ndi England, iwo anafuna kulanda nkhani "maziko onse kuyambirira mtendere" kwa Berlin Congress anaganizapo ndi msonkhano wa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Russia anapeza lokha zinthu kusimidwa, chifukwa nkhondo akamayamba ndi England zingachititse kuti zotsatira zoopsa, ndipo chiyembekezo ndi thandizo la Germany anali pachabe, ngakhale kuti anali Bismarck amalimbikitsa Russia nkhondo ndi Turkey. Chifukwa cha zinthu izi anali Congress wa Berlin, umene msonkhano mu 1878.

June 13, 1878 Mayiko Congress chinamasulidwa mu Berlin. gulu anapanga maiko zotsatirazi: Russia, Germany, England, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Balkan States ndi France. "Bwana" wachita, ndithudi, Bismarck.

Kulimbana zamtendere anali yomangika kwambiri. Pangano la Berlin anali angathe kusaina mwezi umodzi basi pambuyo kutsegula kwa msonkhano.

Ngakhale kuti magawo waukulu mlandu wa Congress akhala chinanena mu Anglo-Russian pangano, malire Bulgaria sanali zodziwika bwino. Mfundo lofunika kwambiri anthu onse Congress, monga Balkan mipita anali kufunika kwambiri njira.

England, ndi izo, ndi Austria-Hungary, osati popanda thandizo la Germany wapanga kusintha kwakukulu mu zikhalidwe za San Stefano pangano, koma anali disadvantageous kwambiri anthu Asilavo. Pangano la Berlin anali kuti Chibugariya ukulu adzakhala ngakhale palokha, koma m'manja, territorially okha ndi mapiri Chibugariya. The kum'mwera kwa analandira tsankho kudziyimira pawokha pamene otsala gawo la ufumu wa Ottoman. Chifukwa china chinali adzabwerenso Macedonia ulamuliro wa Turkey.

The Congress wa Berlin mu 1878 anatsimikizira ufulu wa Romania, Serbia ndi Montenegro. Austria-Hungary kumapeto kwa zokambirana ndi amamuonera ufulu kutenga Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, ndi pakati pa madera a m'mayiko amenewa anayambitsa asilikali Austria ndi Hungary. Choncho, mphamvu ankafuna kuletsa kugwirizana kwa mayiko Chisilavo oyandikana. Control pa gombe la Montenegro amatipatsanso Austria-Hungary. Zopereka, amene oletsa Turkey, nagwa 300 miliyoni. Rubles. Russia anangopeza Kardagan, Batum ndi Kars, Bajazet akubwereranso ku Turkey.

Berlin Congress redrew mapu a Balkan Peninsula , chotero wafunsira nkhondo pa chidutswa cha dziko kuposa zinthu chonse maiko ambiri akhala kukula. Ngakhale pamene anamasulidwa limati Balkan sanaleke kukhala m'bwalomo imene odana mphamvu kwambiri ku Ulaya.