West-Siberia Mafuta m'munsi: chirengedwe malo, makhalidwe, malingaliro, mavuto, ogula

Mafuta ndi gasi makampani ndi yaikulu gawo la chuma cha dziko. Mu nkhokwe kutsimikiziridwa a Russia ndi yokha Saudi Arabia. The madipoziti zazikulu zili Urals ndi dera Volga, ndi Far East, Caucasus, mu Timan-Pechora beseni. Komabe, m'dera gwero waukulu imatengedwa kuti ndi West Siberia mafuta zofikira. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri.

West-Siberia Mafuta m'munsi: location malo osiyanasiyana

Kudera limeneli gwero zikuphatikizapo m'dera la Tomsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Tyumen pang'ono Novosibirsk, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk zigawo ndi Altai ndi Krasnoyarsk Magawo. M'dera la beseni ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 3.5 lalikulu mapazi. Km. Panopa 70% ya okwana chuma recoverable mu dziko amapereka West Siberia mafuta zofikira. Udindo Hrs wa malowa ali zingapo zochititsa yeniyeni. Makamaka, dera malire ndi vuto la zachuma a gawo Loona za dziko. Mu malo oyamba ndi dera Ural. moyandikana zaperekedwa pa nthawi maziko a chitukuko chuma beseni ndi.

Makhalidwe a West Siberia m'munsi mafuta

The madipoziti alipo mu dziwe ndi m'dambo mwa nthawi Cretaceous ndi Jurassic. chuma ambiri ili pa akuya 2-3 zikwi. M. Mafuta yotengedwa subsoil ndi, yodziwika ndi otsika sera zili (0.5%) ndi sulfure (1.1%). zipangizo zopangira pali mkulu kuchuluka tuzigawo twa mafuta (40-60%), kosakhazikika. Mtundu wa dera pachimake amachita Tyumen dera. Imakhala oposa 70% ya buku la zipangizo amene amapereka West Siberia mafuta m'munsi. M'zigawo ikuchitika kasupe kapena ikukoka njira. Voliyumu ya nkhokwe recoverable njira yachiwiri, zochokera m'gawo dera lonse ndi apamwamba kuposa poyamba.

maiwe

ndi madera kudziwika West Siberia mafuta zofikira chiyani? madipoziti ali m'dera lino, imodzi mwa olemera mu dziko. Pakati pawo:

• Samotlor.
• Ayenela-Balik.
• Megion.
• Strezhevoy.
• Shaim.

Ambiri a iwo ankakhala mu dera Tyumen. Apa amabala matani oposa mamiliyoni 219 mafuta.

nyumba ulamuliro

Makhalidwe a West Siberia m'munsi mafuta tichipeza kusanthula operekedwa ndi makampani zinakhalira mu m'zigawo ndi processing chuma. Waukulu makampani zikugwira ntchito amagwiritsidwa ili mu dera Tyumen. Njirazi ndi monga:

1. "Yuganskneftegaz".
2. "Kogalymneftegas".
3. "Surgutneftegaz".
4. "Noyabrskneftegas".
5. "Nizhnevartovskneftegas".

Izo ziyenera anati Komabe, kuti, malingana ndi akatswiri, voliyumu ya zipangizo yotengedwa mu Nizhnevartovsk, kwambiri yafupika.

chitukuko cha chuma

Monga zinanenedwa pamwambapa, West Siberia mafuta kudzilimbitsa ndi pafupi waukulu mwa Urals District. Mu woyambirira wa chuma ndi kupereka inflow ntchito ndi zida pa dera la ndiye chimanga chosakhwima. Chinthu china chimene zolimbikitsa, amene chikoka anali anaphatikizana ndi m'munsi West-Siberia Mafuta - ogula kum'mawa zigawo. Woyamba zedi mafakitale mpweya zinalembedwa mu gawo mu 1953. Mafuta anapeza mu 1960. Pazaka makumi angapo, voliyumu ya nkhokwe recoverable zayamba kuchuluka. Choncho, mu 1965, kupanga mafuta anafika woyamba matani miliyoni. Panopa kwambiri chitukuko ndi dera la kumpoto cha beseni ndi. Masiku ano, pafupifupi mazana atatu minda lotseguka.

mayendedwe Features

Mbali yaikulu ya otaya mapangidwe chuma mu dziko lero, pamodzi ndi dera Volga, ndi West Siberia mafuta zofikira. Njira ya mayendedwe a zipangizo, makamaka, sitima. katundu yotengedwa ndi zobwezerezedwanso ali kusamutsidwa kwa Yuzhnyy Ural, Far East ndi ku Central Asia zigawo. Mayendedwe ndi madzi ndi mtengo ndi zambiri ndalama. Koma Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri makamaka dziwe malo.

mapaipi

Izi ndi kwambiri ndi otchuka njira yachiwiri, lomwe lili ndi Western Siberia mafuta zofikira. Chimadzera ndi tinjira anayamba kupereka chakudya oposa 95% ya chuma okwana. Mtunda avareji kulanda -. Pafupifupi 2.3 zikwi Km. Mugulu ambiri payipi ankayimiridwa ngati awiri wosiyana chake magulu tanthauzo ndi kulamulira zinthu monga yapakati-dera (dera) ndi kutali polumikizira. Zoyambirira mafakitale kugwirizana ndi mafakitale. Transit maukonde Integrated otaya mafuta, obezlichivaya makamaka mwiniwake. mapaipi izi yolumikiza chiwerengero chachikulu amakampani ndi malo katundu. Iwo ndi luso maukonde limodzi ndi kasamalidwe chuma boma. West Siberia mafuta zofikira kusintha kumene waukulu utuluke zopangira. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya chitukuko wotsatira wa maukonde nsana tsopano anasamukira ku izo. Mapaipi m'deralo anatumiza kuti:

• Ayenela-Balik.
• Kurgan.
• Samara.
• Almetyevsk.
• Nizhnevartovsk.
• Novopolotsk.
• Surgut.
• Tyumen.
• Omsk.
• Pavlodar ndi ena.

Chifukwa kuchepa malonda mu 90s ndi

njira luso m'zigawo gwero anali bwino panthawi ya chitukuko cha mafakitale. Koma ndondomeko uyu mochedwa. Ichi chinali chifukwa njira yaikulu, amene anali makampani mafuta mu nyengo ya Soviet. Pamene kuwonjezeka mu buku la nkhani yotengedwa yaiwisi si akwaniritsa zokha ndi kukhazikitsa njira nzeru, ndipo anatulukira ndi chitukuko cha maiwe latsopano. Mavuto a West Siberia mafuta makampani lero chifukwa cha umisiri okalamba. The zifukwa akatswiri kuchepa amanena kuti:

1. kupanga chidwi m'madera lalikulu ndi lalitali yotulutsa ndipo ntchito ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu thumba la m'munsi gwero.
2. The kuwonongeka zakuthwa zinthu pa mitengo yatsopano incremented. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, madipoziti mkulu-zokolola pafupifupi sanatsegule.
3. Kuchepetsa ndalama ntchito kufufuza. kukula kwa forecasted chitukuko cha chuma Western Siberia ndi 35%. 30% kuchokera 1989 ndi kuchepetsedwa ndalama kufufuza. Ndi za mabuku yomweyo anatsika pobowola.
4. An kuchepa pachimake zida mkulu-ntchito ndi mbali kupanga. Mtokoma wa zida alipo munthu amavala ndi oposa 50%,% 14 magalimoto mfundo za mayiko. 70% zitsime pobowola amafuna m'malo oyambirira. Utatha Soviet Union kuti zovuta za yobereka zida ochokera ku mayiko zakale.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti mitengo zoweta zipangizo tsopano otsika kwambiri. Izi complicates kwambiri kudziletsa ndalama za makampani migodi. Kupanda wochezeka ndi mkulu-ntchito zipangizo amapanga kuipitsa. Kuthetsa vuto nawo ndithu ndalama ndi chuma. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo akanakhoza nawo kukula kwa gawo mafakitale.

ntchito

Chiyembekezo cha Kumadzulo Siberia m'munsi mafuta, komanso ena madera akuluakulu gwelo la dziko, boma limakhudza osati ndi ndalama zina anthu, ndiponso zogwirizana ndi zochitika msika. Mabizinezi chinkhoswe mu makampani, m'pofunika paokha kupereka lokha ndi njira. Udindo wa Boma adzakhala polenga Nzofunikira zachuma. masitepe ena atengedwa umenewu. Choncho Mwachitsanzo, anthu zogula ntchito kusanduka 20%. Otsala 80% ogwira ntchito angathe kugwiritsa paokha. Zoletsa zakonzedwa okha katundu wa zipangizo. Komanso, pafupifupi kwathunthu anasiya kuyan'anila mlingo wa mitengo zoweta.

Corporatization ndi wamba

Zimenezi tsopano ndi patsogolo chitukuko cha mafakitale. Pa kukhazikitsidwa wosiyanasiyana gulu la makampani kusintha Mkhalidwe. Boma akumeneko makampani chinkhoswe mu m'zigawo ndi mayendedwe a mafuta, processing ndi makonzedwe, n'kukhala lotseguka kampani olowa katundu. Mu boma chuma pamene limafotokoza 38% ya magawo a. kasamalidwe malonda ikuchitika SPV "Rosneft". Iye anadutsa boma magawo phukusi kuchokera 240 AD. Monga mbali ya "Rosneft" komanso kupereka zosiyanasiyana mabanki, kuphana katundu, mayanjano ndi mabungwe ena. Koma mayendedwe, kasamalidwe amakampani monga makampani wapadera anapanga. Iwo ali "Transnefteprodukt" ndi "Transneft". Iwo anasamutsa 51% wa masheya a.

Boma la zapansi zopangira

West Siberia mafuta m'munsi, komanso ena m'dera gwero lalikulu zikuphatikizapo kutsimikiziridwa ndi sanaidziŵe nkhokwe onse. Pa kafukufuku Geological anagwira kusanthula structural wa madipoziti lapansi. Posacedwapa kuyembekezeredwa kutsegula minda zikwi zingapo. Koma masiku ano, kumayambiriro njira zamakono ndi matekinoloje amavutika ndi likulu ndi opaleshoni ndalama mkulu ntchito poyerekeza ndi chikhalidwe. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Utumiki wa Mphamvu kusiyana mwatsatanetsatane kutengera mndandanda wa miyeso pa mlingo malamulo. Iwo ayenera umalimbana kulimbikitsa ntchito ya umisiri wotsogola ndiponso njira kuonjezera mafuta akadzabweranso matabwa. zonsezi ziyenera kutithandiza kusintha ndalama za kafukufuku ndi ntchito kafukufuku pa chilengedwe cha njira zatsopano luso, ndi yogwira chitukuko cha chuma ndi luso m'munsi.

Zoneneratu

Zikuyembekezeka buku la ulimi mu Western Siberia ndi 2020 afike matani mamiliyoni 290-315 pa chaka. Pankhaniyi, ntchito padziko lonse la dziko afike matani mamiliyoni 520-600. Wonjezerani a zipangizo kuti zikuchitika m'mayiko a Apr. Iwo chifukwa pafupifupi 30% ya mowa lonse. The ogula waukulu amaonedwa kukhala China ndi Japan lero. wafika kuti zithandize 2005-2020. Iwo envisaged yomanga ndi payipi mafuta East Siberia ku Pacific Ocean. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti polojekiti zidzachitika mu magawo anayi. mayendedwe mafuta zinakonzedwa kuchuluka kwa matani 80 miliyoni.

Pomaliza

Kukula kwa West Siberia m'munsi mafuta zovuta ndi magulu atatu a mavuto. The woyamba umatheka ena amasokoneza, unakhazikitsidwa mu Soviet Union. Gulu lachiwiri anali chifukwa cha liberalization zachuma, kukhazikitsidwa ubale msika makampani a. Pa kusintha kwa mtundu wa chuma wataya mphamvu ya kulamulira utuluke ndalama. Zimenezi, zinachititsa defaults chachikulu, tsintho ndi mavuto ena. Gulu lachitatu nkhani nkhawa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu msika lonse. Ndi chifukwa cha overproduction a zipangizo. mavuto onsewa amaphatikizidwa ndi zikuchepa kuchepetsa kupanga. Woyamba zinasintha wa kachitidwe anati mu 1997. Iye wakhala anagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka afika kufunika kwa zipangizo pa dziko msika ndi kukula bizinesi amakampani zoweta. Zimenezi, zachititsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ndalama zakunja mafakitale. Komabe, masiku ano zinthu pa msika dziko amakhalabe oyaka kwambiri. pempholo kwambiri kuposa anthu, lomwe potsatira ali kungasokoneze mitengo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mayiko chinkhoswe mu migodi ndi kuyenga, komanso katundu wawo, akufunafuna njira yabwino mwa zinthu yovuta. Government ndipo mautumiki a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kuchititsa kukambirana zonse pa vuto. Pali panopa mwachangu kukambirana kuchepetsa zosakhalitsa mabuku kupanga. Malinga ndi mayiko exporting, izo moyenera mitengo mu msika.