A mwachidule mbiri ya chitukuko cha zamoyo. Ziyembekezo Biology kakulidwe

Biology - mmodzi wa sayansi zofunika kwambiri kuti mwachindunji zokhudzana amalanga zina zambiri ndipo ali wokhoza kunena za munthu osachepera nkhaniyo. The phunziro la ndi zamoyo, malamulo a moyo wawo ndi chitukuko cha ubale ndi chilengedwe ndi chiyambi. Pamodzi ndi sayansi umagwirira sayansi amanena kuti mwachibadwa walangizidwa ntchito ndi chikhalidwe. Phunzirani njira zoyambirira za chitukuko cha zamoyo, mukhoza kudziwa momwe chidwi njira mwachita chilangochi. Komanso muyenera mutidziwe ndi ziyembekezo zake zina.

Zikamera akuti

Kumene, sayansi ndi limodzi mwa mabuku akale motsogozedwa achilengedwe. Koma akuti anaonekera osati kale. Mwachidule mbiri ya zamoyo Ayamba yekha kuyambira 1797, pamene German pulofesa wa thunthu dzina lake Theodore Roose Mavesi amenewa mapangidwe a sayansi. Mu 1800 iye ankasangalala monga pulofesa wa University of Dorpat Burd, ndipo mu 1802 angapezeke mu ntchito yofunika kwambiri Lamarck ndi Treviranus. Mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe za moyo chikhalidwe, zamoyo zachitika bwinobwino. njira zatsopano za kafukufuku kuoneka zonse, chidziwitso masiku ano kuyang'ana mosiyana pa chiphunzitso lakale, koma chingakhale chosakwanira popanda kuphunzira magawo a m'mbuyomu a chitukuko cha nzeru za sayansi.

The nyengo yakale

Sonkhanitsani zokhudza zamoyo anthu anayamba nthawi yomweyo pambuyo anayamba kuona wokha ngati wina mbali yapadera dziko. The wakale zipilala zolembalemba la Iguputo, Babulo ndi India angapeze zosiyanasiyana zokhudza kapangidwe ka nyama ndi zomera, pa katundu ndi ntchito mankhwala ndi ulimi. M'nthawi ya chinayi BC Mesopotamia anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito mapale, limene analembapo systematization mitundu ya zinthu. Kukula kwa malingaliro zamoyo zinachita mu zamoyo analipo pa nthawi imeneyo adakali m'tsogolo, koma ngakhale anthu aphunzira nadzawasankhula nyama carnivores ndi herbivores, ndatsimikizanso mtima mbewu kungakhale mankhwala ndi ulimi, ngakhale amatha mme- zina zimayambitsa cholowa kufanana kwa ana ndi makolo. Makamaka, Indian ntchito zachipatala chibwenzi ku m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC, fotokozani mbali ya moyo wa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndi kulanda mfundo mibadwo. mfundo zothandiza ndi mu "Mahabharata" ndi "Ramayana".

Zikamera wa sukulu sayansi

Kukula mbiri ya zamoyo mwachindunji ndi zikamera wa mumaganiza ena. sukulu Scientific chikanachitika m'nthawi ya dongosolo kapolo Greece, Alexandria ndi Rome. Ionian School anakamba "malamulo a chilengedwe" lolamulira dziko - kale nzeru ena anakana chiyambi zauzimu za moyo. Komanso, Alcmaeon anali wokhoza kufufuza misempha chamawonedwe, chitukuko wosabadwayo mu mbalame ndi chimatanthauza yofunika kwambiri ubongo monga likulu la kuganiza. Wotchuka wasayansi Hippocrates choyamba anafotokoza dongosolo mu mbiri ya munthu ndi nyama, anatchula za zotsatira za chilengedwe ndi chibadwa pa thupi ndi matenda amapezeka. Izi kwakukulukulu anatsimikiza ziyembekezo za chitukuko cha zamoyo. The School of Athens ntchito za Aristotle, amene analenga zinayi zofunika lonena ndi zosiyanasiyana zokhudza nyama. Choyamba kuzindikiridwa maufumu angapo, cholukanalukana. M'tsogolo, dongosolo iyi idzakhala "makwerero zolengedwa" ndipo adzaona gulu la zamoyo, allocates zinayi miyendo, nthenga, mbalame ndi nsomba.

Kuphunzira thunthu anthu

Quick chitukuko cha sayansi nthawi kapolo tinganene osati monga kuphunzira classifications zosiyanasiyana, komanso mphindi ya ntchito zofunika kwambiri pa thunthu. Wasayansi poyerekeza chipangizo Gerofil zinyama ndi anthu, kusonyeza kusiyana kwa mitsempha ndi mitsempha. Erasistratus amatha kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane hemispheres ubongo, kuzindikira kupezeka kwa gyri ndi cerebellar. Dongosolo deta, asayansi ku Rome, monga Pliniy Starshy, amene anakhala wachilembo cha "History Natural". Nthawi imeneyi, kakulidwe zamoyo dodarvinsky akatswiri amanena kufanana kwa anthu ndi nyani. Mwachitsanzo, Klavdiy Galen necropsied ndipo anali ndi zolengedwa zoyamwitsa anatomical kufotokozera anthu ndi anyani. zinthu izi wachita tchimo lalikulu bwanji chitukuko cha Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi thunthu, kotero mwachidule mbiri ya zamoyo zidzakhala chosakwanira popanda iwo.

Nthawi akale

Zapakati ogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa chipembedzo. A mwachidule mbiri ya chitukuko cha zamoyo simaphatikiza iliyonse zatsopano zokhudza nthawi imeneyo. Knowledge zochokera ntchito za Aristotle, Galen, ndi Pliny. Amaonera anali molakwika achipembedzo komanso cha nzeru za maganizo. Chief wasayansi ndi nzeru zapamwamba Abu Ali Ibn Sina, lotchedwa Avicenna, ankachita nawo kuphunzira regularities causal mu chikhalidwe ndi philosophized za muyaya. anatulukira Scientific sizichitika, ndipo mu nthawi zakale lotsatira, zamoyo walowa mu maonekedwe ake akale.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano kapena Chitsitsimutso

Patatha zaka yaitali azaumulungu kupondereza anabwera kugwa kwa mfundo akale ndi malamulo a anthu ang'onoang'ono. A mwachidule mbiri ya chitukuko cha zamoyo m'pamene nthawi imeneyi adzatumpha yaikulu patsogolo chitukuko cha sayansi, anaitana sayansi. Asayansi chapadera cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano anali Leonardo da Vinci. Iye anafotokoza mbewu ndi zipangizo ndege ya mbalame, kuphunzira ntchito za mtima ndi mfundo kugwirizana mafupa ndi mafupa, wachita pa ntchito zithunzi za maso ndi ziwalo magazi, anatsindika kufanana zipangizo anthu ndi nyama zina. ntchito yofunika analinso ntchito ya Andreas Vesalius, otchedwa "Zisanu ndi mabuku za Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu." Harvey anapeza magazi, ndipo Borelli anaphunzira njira kuyenda. Pamaso pa anthu kutsegula zonse zatsopano kaonedwe ka kakulidwe zamoyo kuti palibe pa ulamuliro achipembedzo.

kwambiri yojambula

Chitsitsimutso wapereka asayansi mwayi. Zotsatira zake zinali Kuwonjezereka sayansi, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zosiyanasiyana awo. Mwachidule mbiri ya zamoyo mukhoza kulemba nthawi imeneyi nthawi olekanitsa mu amalanga osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, zomera anayamba, ndipo Kutulukira maso inatsogolera kupita patsogolo mu thunthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. Karl Linney mlengi wa gulu mwatsatanetsatane nyama kulowa gulu m'magulu, madongosolo, genera ndi mitundu. Zinali iye anasankha nyama, mbalame, achule, nsomba, tizilombo ndi mphutsi. Iye anatenga anyani anthu. Wina wodziwika otchuka anali Leibniz amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha "makwerero zolengedwa" chiphunzitso, zomwe kudalira deta m'mbuyomu, koma anali nzeru ndithu.

Zikamera chiphunzitso selo

Mwachidule chitukuko cha zamoyo, n'zotheka kudziwa za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi monga nthawi ya maonekedwe a Mfundo zamoyo zinachita embryology ndi maziko. Asayansi Schleiden ndi Schwann anakonza chiphunzitso khungu, chifukwa cha ntchito ya Pasteur, Mechnikov, Koch ndi Lister anayamba bacteriology. Chochitika chachikulu chinali lonena "The Origin of Species", anakonzeratu pofuna kukwaniritsa sayansi. Zopereka osati Darwin, koma Mendel kufotokoza kuli majini ndi malamulo mmene awo pa chibadwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo lingaliro unayamba kuonekera pa ntchito ya sayansi umagwirira kuphunzira zochitika za moyo.

mzaka zana makumi awiri

Mu zaka zapitazo wakhala nthawi kwambiri zambiri watsopano, amene wakhala monga Science Biology, kalasi 9 sukulu iliyonse ano tsopano akuphunzira deta palibe ngakhale maganizo abwino kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Mu makumi anai anapeza ntchito ya DNA mu 1953, asayansi anali kudziwa matabwa ake, ndipo mu 1961 - ndi kumvetsa izo. Njira ya kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni analola kuti awonekere kwa maselo maselo amachita zidulo mkati. Zonsezi chinthu chachikulu, kulola munthu kupita njira yatsopano kuphunzira zochitika za moyo. Mu April 1961, munthu kanali koyamba mu mlengalenga. Lero angatchedwe mfundo za kuyendera malo makampani sayansi. Mu dodarvinsky nthawi ya kakulidwe zamoyo izo zinali zosatheka kuti aganizire. Kale makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi asayansi anayamba kugwira ntchito pa kukonza majini kuti walola mankhwala kupeza wonse maganizo atsopano.

Modern nthawi ndi tsogolo la sayansi

Twente-atumwi anapanga nzeru zosaneneka mosavuta munthu. Ambiri kuphunzira Biology, kalasi 9 sekondale zimathandiza ana kuphunzira za zinyama, zomera ndi thunthu kuposa kale akhoza kufufuza atumwi, ndipo chiyembekezo cha sayansi akuwonekera kukhala wanzeru. Tipitirize kulekana kwa munthu mbali watsopano amalanga - kukhala helminthology, arachnoentomology, ornithology, mycology, bryology, immunology, bacteriology ndi ena ambiri sayansi. zosiyanasiyana Zimenezi zimathandiza akatswiri kuganizira vuto lililonse yeniyeni, mofulumira nkhani izi kapena zochitika zina. Komabe, pali kuphatikiza a sayansi, chifukwa sayansi kumeneko, cytogenetics ndi m'madera ena.

Komabe, njira yamakono ya ntchito mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi nkhaniyi. Asayansi anagwiritsa ntchito njira mofanana zaka zingapo zapitazo, koma kusintha deta amathandiza umisiri watsopano. zida wapadera amalola njira chosiyana kuchita zinthu zatsopano zimene poyamba yosavuta yekha zatsopano, ndipo tsopano zingabweretse zotsatira chosintha. malingaliro Komanso lingaliro chidwi sayansi ndi luso patsogolo, zomwe zingathandize bwino kuphunzira chibadwa, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi nthambi zina zambiri zamoyo, zomwe amapanga zotheka komanso kuyembekezera chitukuko pazipita mankhwala kuti akhoza kusintha onse nthawi ndi zinthu za moyo wa anthu.