Chidwi mfundo ku moyo wa Tolstoy. Tolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich

Graf ndi academician wa USSR Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy anali aluso kwambiri ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana wolemba, amene analemba Mitundu ambiri osiyana ndi mayendedwe. Mu nkhokwe zake zopereka awiri a ndakatulo, maphwando a nkhani chithandizo sewero, anthu ambiri a masewero, utolankhani ndi nkhani zina. Koma pamwamba pa zonsezi, iye - wolemba kwambiri ndi katswiri wa nkhani zochititsa chidwi. Akanakupatsani kupereka USSR State Prize (mu 1941, 1943 ndi atamwalira mu 1946). Zolembalemba yonena lili mfundo chidwi ndi moyo wa Tolstoy. Za iwo ndi Tikambirana zina.

Tolstoy: Moyo ndi Ntchito

December 29, 1882 (Old January 10, 1883) mu Nikolaevsk (Pugachev) Saratov dera anabadwa Tolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich. Pamene mayi wake anali ndi pakati, anasiya mwamuna wake N. A. Tolstogo ndipo anasamukira ku moyo ndi Zemsky wantchito A. A. Bostroma.

Alyosha ubwana wake anakhala mu chuma cha bambo ake m'mudzi wa chigawo Sosnovka Samara. Izo zinali zaka zambiri osangalala mwana amene wakula amphamvu kwambiri ndiponso wokonda zosangalatsa umene umaoneka. Ndiye Tolstoy ndatsiriza St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, dipuloma koma kumbuyo (1907).

Kuyambira 1905 mpaka 1908 anayamba kufalitsa ndakatulo ndi prose. Kutchuka kwa wolemba pambuyo nkhani komanso mabuku "Zavolzhye" mkombero (1909-1911 gg.), "Jackass" Kunena (1911) ndipo "njonda olumala" (1912). Apa iye anafotokoza anecdotal ndi zachilendo zinachitika ndi landlords eccentric m'chigawo kwawo Samara.

The World loyamba

Chidwi mfundo ku moyo wa Tolstoy Akuti mu World Choyamba, anagwira ntchito nkhondo mtolankhani. Ndiyeno iye anasangalala kwambiri ndi February utasintha. Wolemba pamene tikukhala mu Moscow. Pa nthawi ya ulimi zokomera, ndi Provisional boma yoikidwiratu Tolstoy Commissioner kuti kalembera kulisindikiza. Kuyambira 1917 mpaka 1918, onse kulenga ntchito apolitical wolemba anasonyeza maganizo ndi nkhawa.

Pambuyo utasintha, kuchokera mu 1918 mpaka 1923, moyo wa Aleksey Tolstoy wadutsa mu ukapolo. Mu 1918 anapita ku Ukraine mu malo zolembalemba, ndipo mu 1919 anali anasamutsidwa kuchoka Odessa kuti Istanbul.

emigration

Tikaonanso mutu wa "Tolstoy: moyo ndi ntchito", tisaiwale kuti angapo zaka anakhala mu Paris, ndiye mu 1921 anasamukira ku Berlin, kumene anayamba kukhazikitsa zikulumikizana akale ndi olemba amene anatsalira ku Russia. Chifukwa, konse anagwira pa akutali pa nthawi ya Policy Chatsopano Economic (1923), iye atabwerera ku dziko la kwawo. moyo wake kunja zinabala zipatso, ndipo anaona kuwala ntchito yake autobiographical "Childhood Nikita," "Njira ya ku Kalvare" (1920-1922 gg.) - magazini yoyamba (1921), ndi njira, mu 1922, analengeza kuti idzakhala trilogy. M'kupita kwa nthawi, odana Bolshevik mzere wa buku wakhala kudzudzulidwa, wolemba anali wofunitsitsa kusintha ntchito nthawi zambiri safuna mizati uchi chifukwa mavuto azandale wa USSR. Wolemba sanatope awo "machimo" - chiyambi wolemekezeka ndi m'dziko, koma iye ankadziwa kuti osiyanasiyana owerenga iye wawonekera basi tsopano, m'nthawi ya Soviet Union.

Latsopano la kulenga

Atafika buku Russian "Aelita" linasindikizidwa (1922-1923 gg.), The Wazopeka Zasayansi mtundu wanyimbo. Imasimba mmene Red Army msilikali limakonza zisinthe pa Mars, koma zinthu sizinayende monga amayembekezera. A pang'ono atabwera buku lachiwiri la mtundu wanyimbo chomwecho, "The hyperboloid wa akatswiri okonza Garin" (1925-1926 gg.), Amene wolemba reworked nthawi zambiri. Mu 1925, panali nkhani wosangalatsa, "Union zisanu." Tolstoy, ndi njira, anthu ake yopeka ananeneratu zodabwitsa zambiri luso, monga malo othawirako, malo adani mavoti, laser, "ananyema parachuti", gulu la phata atomiki, ndi zina zotero D..

Kuyambira 1924 mpaka 1925 Tolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich buku amalenga mtundu wanyimbo satirical, "The Zopatsa Chidwi cha Nevzorov, kapena Ibikus" kumene ulendo adventurer anafotokoza. N'zoonekeratu kuchokera njira iyi ya Ostap Bender anabadwa mu Ilf ndi Petrov.

Chidwi mfundo ku moyo wa Tolstoy

Kale mu 1937, Tolstoy analemba nkhani pa dongosolo boma la Stalin "Mkate", kumene mu njira ya zochitika akhoza kuona bwinobwino udindo waukulu wa mtsogoleri wa proletariat ndi Voroshilov.

Imodzi mwa nkhani ana bwino mu mabuku dziko inali nkhani ya A. N. Tolstogo, "The Golden Ofunika, kapena Zopatsa Chidwi cha Pinocchio" (1935). Wolemba bwino ndi bwino reworked nthano "Pinocchio" ndi Chitaliyana wolemba Carlo Collodi.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1930 mpaka 1934, Tolstoy amalenga mabuku awiri za Peter ndi nthawi yake. Apa wolemba amapereka anapeza wa nyengo ndi kusintha mfumu lingaliro. Buku wake wachitatu, "Peter" iye analemba, pamene iye anali kudwala.

Pa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo Alexey analemba mabuku ambiri ndi nkhani. Ena mwa iwo ndi "Russian khalidwe", "Ivan Grozny" ndi zina zotero D..

zotsutsana

Kudziwa wolemba Alekseya Tolstogo m'malo zotsutsana monga, mfundo ndi ntchito yake. Mu Soviet Union anali wachiwiri kukula pambuyo wolemba Maksima Gorkogo. Tolstoy anali chizindikiro cha mmene weniweni Soviet dziko lawo anali a anthu otchuka apamwamba. Iye makamaka sanadandaulepo za kufunika ndi nthawizonse ndinkakhala ngati njonda, chifukwa sanasiye ntchito pa makina olembera wake, ndipo nthawi zonse ankafuna.

Chidwi zokhudza moyo Tolstoy zimaphatikizapo chakuti iye amatha kuchonderera anthu anamangidwa kapena manyazi bwino, koma sanathe, ndi manyazi kuti. Anakwatira kanayi. NV Krandievskaya, wina mwa akazi ake, m'njira anatumikira monga zinachitika wa heroines wa buku "Njira ya ku Kalvare".

patriot

Alexei ankakonda kulemba m'njira zimathandizadi ndi mfundo woona, komanso zokongola analenga ndi zopeka. Anamkonda, iye anali moyo wa anthu onse, ngakhale panali amene anali kunyoza wolemba. Izi zinaphatikizapo Anna Akhmatova, Bulgakov, Osip Mandelstam (a Tolstoy otsiriza ngakhale mbama).

Alexei Tolstoy anali weniweni dziko Russian wolemba, patriot ndi States, nthawi zambiri analemba nkhani yachilendo ndi izo mwamtheradi sanafune kuphunzira zilankhulo kwa lingaliro bwino chinenero cha makolo ake Russian.

Atamwalira Gorky kuchokera 1936 mpaka 1938 anali kupita ku Union of Soviet Writers. Nkhondo itatha, iye anali membala wa ntchito kufufuza milandu ya ankhondowo lopondereza.

Tikumbukenso kuti zaka za moyo Tolstoy chinachitika mu nthawi kuchokera 1883 mpaka 1945. Iye anafa pa February 23, 1945 a khansa ali ndi zaka 62 ndipo anaikidwa m'manda mu Moscow pa manda Novodevichy.