East Prussian opareshoni (1945). Strategic amanyansidwa ntchito za Great kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo

Kudutsa kutsogolo zikuluzikulu amanyansidwa Soviet Union kuti zinachitikadi m'nthawi yozizira 1945. Asilikali anakantha nkhonya wamphamvu mbali zonse. Lamulo anagwira Konstantin Rokossovsky, Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Alexander Vasilevsky, ndi Ivan Bagramyan ndi Vladimir Tributs. Pamaso asilikali awo anali wofunika kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane ndi njira cholinga.

January 13, anayamba wotchuka East-Prussian ntchito mu 1945. cholinga linali losavuta - kuphwanya ndi kuononga otsalira German gulu East Prussia ndi gawo wakumpoto wa Poland, kuti anatsegula njira Berlin. Ambiri, ntchitoyi inali yofunika kwambiri osati kuwala kwa Kupha zotsala za kukana. Lero, amaganiza kuti Germany kale pafupifupi anapambana. Izi si choncho.

prerequisites zofunika kwa opareshoni

Choyamba, East Prussia anali malire amphamvu a chitetezo, zomwe ndithu bwinobwino athe kudzisamalira miyezi yambiri, dziko la Germany nthawi nyambititsa mabala. Chachiwiri, mkulu wa alonda German angathe kugwiritsa wotopa kulikonse kwa Kupha thupi la Hitler ndi chiyambi cha zokambirana pa mtendere osiyana ndi athu "ogwirizana" (pali zambiri umboni wa mapulani amenewa). Kunali kosatheka kupewa kapena zochitika zimenezi. Ndi mdani ayenera mwamsanga komanso motsimikiza kutha.

maonekedwe a dera

Kum'mawa kwambiri malekezero a Prussia linali dera choopsa kwambiri, amene anali ndi misewu ndi airfields ambiri kuti amalola kuti mwamsanga kusamutsa izo kupyolera nambala yaikulu asilikali ndi zida lolemera. Kudera limeneli monga chirengedwe anamanga chitetezo chatha. Pali nyanja zambiri, mitsinje ndi bogs, izi zimapangitsa kuti amanyansidwa zovuta ndi kukakamiza mdani kutsatira kusintha ndipo limbikitsa "makonde".

Mwina ntchito amanyansidwa wa Red Army mwa Soviet Union sanali kotero kobvuta. Kuyambira masiku a Teutonic Order m'dera linadzaza ndi nyumba kumbuyo, ambiri amene anali amphamvu kwambiri. Chikadzangotha 1943, pamene nkhondo ya 1941-1945 atapezeka, pa Kursk, dziko la Germany kwa nthawi yoyamba aona n'zotheka kugonja. Pa ntchito kulimbitsa mizere amenewa cinali kuponya pa onse wamphamvu anthu ndi ambiri akaidi. Mwachidule, Anazi okonzeka ulemerero.

Kulephera - nyengo yachisanu ikupita chigonjetso

Nthawi zambiri, yozizira amanyansidwa sanali woyamba, kapena anali woyamba ndi East-Prussian kwambiri opareshoni. 1945 chokha kupitiriza zimene anayamba mphamvu mu October 1944, pamene asilikali Soviet anatha kusamukira ku malo zokhalamo za zana makilomita. Chifukwa champhamvu German kukana analephera amapatsira.

Komabe, analephera imatengedwa kovuta. Choyamba, maziko odalirika unakhazikitsidwa. Kachiwiri, atsogoleri ankhondo ndi aphunzire kwambiri ndipo anatha kumva zofooka zina za mdani. Komanso, mfundo yakuti amayamba yolanda mayiko German ntchito kwa Anazi N'zokhumudwitsa kwambiri (koma osati nthawi zonse).

Magulu ankhondo Wehrmacht

Kumenyana unachitikira Army Gulu "Center", molamulidwa ndi Georg Reinhardt. Pa mikono anali: onse lachitatu Panzer Army Erhard Raus, mankhwala Fridriha Hossbaha, ndi Valtera Vaysa.

asilikali athu nthawi yomweyo akayang'anizananso 41 Division, komanso ambiri a asilikali alemba ntchito kwa anthu ambiri imapanga motetezera Volkssturm m'deralo. Ajeremani onse panali osachepera 580.000 asilikali, komanso 200 zikwi folksshturmovtsev. Ndi mzere kumbuyo Nazi anakoka akasinja 700 ndi mfuti kudziletsa injini, oposa 500 nkhondowo ndege za 8.5 zikwi. Kalavani ya zida zankhondo ndi lalikulu likungosonyeza mortars.

Kumene, mbiri ya nkhondo kukonda dziko lako la 1941-1945. Ine ndikudziwa zambiri nkhondowo-wokonzeka German kugwirizana, koma deralo anali yabwino chitetezo, koma chifukwa gulu zinali zokwanira.

Lamulo German anaganiza kuti tiyenera kugwira dera, kaya chiwerengero cha zomvetsa. Zinali zomvetsa wolungama, chifukwa Prussia anali ankamasulira wangwiro pasadakhale winanso wa asilikali Soviet. M'malo mwake, ngati Germany anakwanitsa munganyansidwe kale analanda m'dera, izo adzalola kuyesa counterattack. Mulimonsemo, chuma cha m'dera lino adzalola kuti tidzakhale ndi kupweteka kwa Germany.

Kodi mphamvu nazo zake, Soviet lamulo amene ankafuna East-Prussian ntchito mu 1945?

magulu ankhondo USSR

Komabe, olemba mbiri asilikali a mayiko onse amakhulupirira kuti wamenyedwa mu nkhondo Anazi analibe mwayi. Soviet atsogoleri a asilikali kwathunthu kuganizira kulephera kwa kuukira woyamba, omwe anali nawo mphamvu imodzi yokha ya Chachitatu Byelorussian Front. Pankhaniyi, anaganiza ntchito mphamvu ya wonse Panzer Army, asanu thanki Corps, makamu mpweya ziwiri, zomwe, kuwonjezera, kulimbitsa 2 Belorussia Front.

Komanso, nagonjetsa anali kuthandiza ndege ya Choyamba Baltic Front. Okwana ntchito oposa theka miliyoni anthu ntchito, oposa 20,000 mfuti ndi lalikulu-likungosonyeza mortars, zikwi zinayi akasinja ndi mfuti kudziletsa injini, komanso zosachepera zikwi zitatu ndege. Ngati inu mukukumbukira zochitika za Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, kuukira pa East Prussia, adzakhala Mwa kwambiri.

Choncho, asilikali athu (kupatulapo ankhondo) magulu ambiri kuposa dziko la Germany katatu pa anthu a zida zankhondo mu nthawi 2,5, akasinja ndi ndege - pafupifupi 4.5 nthawi. M'madera yojambula mwayi anali kwambiri yosatheka. Komanso, asilikali Soviet anachotsedwa asilikali anali amphamvu EC-2 akasinja, ACS ISU 152/122/100 ndipo chotero panalibe chikaiko chigonjetso. Komabe, monga zomvetsa mkulu, monga kagulu ka Wehrmacht pa malo makamaka anatumiza a ku Prussia, amene anamenyera chilichonse otsiriza.

Njira yaikulu ya opaleshoni

Chiyambireni cha East Prussian ntchito mu 1945? January 13, anayamba nagonjetsa, zomwe zili ndi kunyanyala mpweya ndi thanki. Asilikali ena amapereka nkhondo. Tikumbukenso kuti chiyambi sanali kwambiri mantha bwino mwamsanga sizinachitike.

Choyamba, tsiku "D" mseri kupulumutsa analephera. The Germany anakwanitsa kanthu chisanadze emptive ndi kukoka kwa malo akufuna wa watulukira pazipita zotheka chiwerengero cha asilikali. Chachiwiri, mwachidule nyengo, amene sanali abwino ntchito mpweya ndi zida zankhondo. Rokossovsky ananena kuti nyengo ankawoneka ngati chidutswa olimba a chifunga yonyowa, interspersed ndi chisanu wandiweyani. Ndege n'zimene zinali mfundo yekha: thandizo wodzala ndi asilikali patsogolo analephera. Ngakhale zoponya mabomba tsiku lonse atakhala mozungulira, monga kunali kosatheka kuti kunja udindo mdani.

Zinthu zimenezi ya nkhondo yachiwiri anali sizachilendo. Kawirikawiri anathyola amange malangizo ogwira ntchito analonjeza zomvetsa zina.

"General Chifunga"

Gunners adali nayenso mwachisoni: aone anali moyipa kuti kusintha pa moto sikunali kotheka, choncho anali kuwombera yekha pa osiyanasiyana achindunji losalembedwapo mamita 150-200. Chifunga anali wandiweyani mu "nyansi" anataya ngakhale phokoso mabomba, ndi kokha kugunda mipherezero konse kuti muwonekere.

Kumene, izi zonse kungasokoneze pa mayendedwe a tingalimbanirane. German oyenda pa mizere wachiwiri ndi wachitatu wa chitetezo ndiribe zowawa zomvetsa kwambiri ndipo anapitiriza mwaukali kumawombera moto. M'madera ambiri, anayamba melee oopsa, ndi zina mdani counteroffensive. Midzi yambiri pa tsiku ndi nthawi khumi wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja. Kwambiri nyengo zoipa masiku angapo, imene oyenda Soviet anapitiriza methodically kuswa chitetezo German.

Ambiri, nagonjetsa Soviet mu nthawi ino kale yodziwika ndi mokwanira yokonza zida zankhondo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndege ndi magalimoto oti muli nazo zida. Zochitika za masiku amenewo pa kutentha ayi wolephera nkhondo za 1942-1943. Pamene kuwawa Kumenyana anatenga pa yekha oyenda yosavuta.

asilikali Soviet opareshoni bwinobwino: January 18, Chernyakhovsky asilikali akanathetsa kudzera chitetezo ndi kulenga kulowera m'lifupi makilomita 65, popeza apita chozama mu maudindo mdani makilomita 40 basi. Ndi nthawi iyi nyengo ali okhazikika, choncho chifukwa mu yojambula ndi akuthovoka magalimoto katundu oti muli nazo zida, mothandizidwa ndi mpweya kuukira ndege ndi nkhondo. Choncho anayamba zikuluzikulu amanyansidwa wa (Soviet).

kupeza bwino

January 19 anatengedwa Tilsit. Zimenezi mphamvu Chigawenga moto Neman. Isanafike January 22 kwathunthu oletsedwa instersburgskaya gulu. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, Germany Kugonjetsa mwaukali kumenyana anali protracted. Only ena njira kuti Gumbinnen asilikali amaipidwa yomweyo khumi m'mizinda ikuluikulu. wolingalira wathu, ndi mzinda lidagwa. Kale pa January 22, anakwanitsa Insterburg.

The masiku awiri lotsatira anabweretsa kupambana latsopano: Sititha anagumula chitetezo Heylsbergskogo m'deralo. Ndi January 26, magulu athu anafika kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Konigsberg. Koma kuukira kwa Koenigsberg ndiye analephera chifukwa onse mzinda pansi asilikali amphamvu a ku Germany ndi zisanu magulu awo ndi abwino.

Gawo loyamba la kuukira chovuta kwambiri chinali bwinobwino. Komabe, kupambana wakhala ndi tsankho chifukwa amuzungulire ndi kuwononga awiri oti muli nazo zida Corps la asilikali athu analephera: mdani magalimoto oti muli nazo zida n'kupita chitetezo okonzeka zopangidwa.

wamba

Kwa nthawi yoyamba yapachiweniweni pano asilikali sanali nawo. The Germany msanga anathawa monga otsala ananena oukira ndi zambiri anawomberedwa ndi wake. The achoke unapangidwa bungwe moyipa kuti pafupifupi onse katundu anakhalabe m'nyumba adzasiyidwa. anamenyela wathu kukumbukira kuti East Prussia mu 1945 anali ngati chipululu zinatha: iwo anali kupuma nyumba kwathunthu mipando, pamene tebulo akali ziwiya ndi chakudya, koma ku Germany okha anali atapita.

Pomaliza pake, nthano za "akunjawo zakutchire ndi magazi ludzu ku East" ankaimba ndi Goebbels nthabwala zoipa, anthu wamba ngati mantha kusiya nyumba zawo, zomwe kwathunthu kutsegula onse njanji ndi msewu maulalo, ndi chifukwa kuti German asilikali anapezeka adafulumiza ndipo sadathe msanga kusintha udindo wake.

chitukuko cha tingalimbanirane

Ndi January 20 asilikali molamulidwa ndi kulamulira Rokossovsky, ankakonzekera kupita Vistula. Pa nthawi yomweyo wa limaitana anabwera dongosolo kusintha vekitala kuukira, ndi kulanda khama zazikulu ndi mapeto oyambirira pa East Prussian mdani. Asilikali anali kutembenukira kwa kumpoto. Koma popanda thandizo la gulu otsala a asilikali bwinobwino anachotsa mdani mzinda.

Choncho, troopers anali wokhoza kumatula mu Oslikovskogo Allenstein ndi kwathunthu wagonjetsa adani asilikali. mzinda lidagwa pa 22 January ndi madera onse yamalinga mzinda zawonongedwa. Mwamsanga zitachitika izo, magulu chachikulu German ezedwa lazungulira, choncho anayamba mopupuluma abwerere. Komabe, mthunzi wawowo pamlingo nkhono, monga misewu onse watsekedwa ndi othawa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, dziko la Germany anataya katundu wolemera, ndipo massively kuwatengera ku ukapolo. Ndi January 26 Soviet oti muli nazo zida kwathunthu oletsedwa Elbing.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, asilikali anaswa kwa kwambiri Fedyuninskogo Elbing, ndipo anafika pafupi ndi Marienburg, chifukwa zina zoopsa kuponya wogonjetsa bridgehead lalikulu banki lamanja la Vistula. Pa January 26, patapita kuponya wamphamvu zida zankhondo, Marienburg anagwa.

Flanking detachments wa asilikali monga kulimbana ndi ntchito yofunikira iwowo. District Masurian m'madambo mwamsanga kuthana, kupita kuwoloka Vistula, ndiye 70 Army pa January 23 anadzasokoneza ku Bydgoszcz, Torun imodzi oletsedwa.

German-kuwaza

Motero, gulu la asilikali "Center" wakhala kwathunthu asakhalenso katundu ndipo anataya chifukwa gawo German. Hitler anakwiya, kenako m'malo mkulu wa gululo. Amaikidwa kuti positi Lothar Rendulic. Posakhalitsa, tsoka chomwecho anachitika mkulu wa Fourth Army Hossbach, amene linasinthidwa kukhala Mueller.

Pofuna kuswa atazunguliridwa ndi kubwezeretsa katundu pamtunda wa ku Germany anakonza potsimikizira-tiponye Heylsberga dera, akuyesera kuti alowe mkati Marienburg. Okwana opaleshoni nawo m'magulu asanu ndi atatu okha, mmodzi amene anali thanki. Iwo anapambana pa usiku wa January 27, mochuluka kuti akanikizire mphamvu ya Army athu 48. Tinakambirana nkhondo aliuma, womwe unatenga masiku anayi mu mzere. Chifukwa cha mdani anali wokhoza kumatula mu makilomita 50 mu malo athu. Koma ndiye anadza polimbana Rokossovsky: pambuyo kuponya yaikulu ya ku Germany anathyola ndipo anagwa ku malo wapitawo.

Pomaliza Baltic Front kwa January 28 kwathunthu anatenga Klaipeda, Lithuania potsiriza anamasulidwa ku asilikali Nazi.

Zotsatira Main wa tingalimbanirane

Pakutha January, ambiri Samland Peninsula anali wotanganitsidwa, chifukwa m'tsogolo Kaliningrad anali mu semicircle a. Tinali kwathunthu atazungulira zidutswa anamwazikana wachitatu ndi wachinayi makamu, amene wathedwa. Iwo anali kulimbana imodzi pa amadzibisa angapo, mphamvu zonse kuteteza malo amphamvu lotsiriza la nyanja, imene lamulo German akadali mwanjira akatenge katundu ndi kusamuka.

Malo a asilikali otsala kobvuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti onse a magulu Wehrmacht makamu anali pomwepo kuligaŵa patatu. Pa Samland Peninsula, anali zotsalira za magulu anayi Königsberg anakhala amphamvu asilikali ndi zina magulu asanu. Osachepera asanu pafupifupi linasweka magulu pa mzere Brownsburg-Heylsberg, ndipo iwo anakakamizidwa nyanja ndi kuthekera kwa kuukira analibe. Komabe, palibe kutaya ndipo iwo sanali ndikupatsani iwo.

mapulani yaitali mdani

Sikuti amaona otentheka okhulupirika Hitler: iwo anali ndi dongosolo limene lili chokaniora Konigsberg kenako kukoka uko ku mzinda wa magawo onse kupulumuka. Ngati bwino, iwo akanati akhale wokhoza kuti abwezeretse kugwirizana m'dziko kudzera Königsberg, Brandenburg. Ambiri, nkhondo kutali pa atatopa makamu Soviet anafunika wotopa ndi kubwezeretsa. Ukulu wa frazzled awo nkhondo aukali limasonyeza osachepera chakuti kuukira komaliza kwa Koenigsberg anayamba 8-9 kokha April.

Ntchito yaikulu ya asilikali zinachitikadi: adakhoza kuswa pakati mphamvu ya gulu mdani. amphamvu chitetezo onse German adakhala wothyoledwa, ndipo analanda Königsberg anali atazingidwa ndi akumidzi popanda mayendedwe a yolimbanirana ndi chakudya, ndi chilichonse otsala asilikali Nazi m'dera anali olekanitsidwa ndi mzake ndi mwamphamvu wolema nkhondo. Mbali yaikulu ya East Prussia, ndi mizere ake amphamvu yodzitetezera analandidwa. M'njiramo asilikali a Soviet Army anamasula m'madera a kumpoto Poland.

ntchito zina kuthetsa zotsala za Anazi kuvala asilikali a Chachitatu Byelorussian ndi Choyamba Baltic amadzibisa. Onani kuti lemba la 2 Belarus kutsogolo lolunjika pa Pomeranian malangizo. mfundo ndi yakuti pa nagonjetsa pakati pa asilikali a Zhukov ndi Rokossovsky anapanga kusiyana, chimene chingalowe kugunda kwa East Pomerania. Ndipo chifukwa akuyesetsa wotsatira akhala imatsogoleredwa agwirire kunyanyala mogwirizana.