Chiuwiga Khanate: mbiriyakale, nthawi ya kukhalapo, azingokhala

Kwa zaka zambirimbiri, mbiri wadziwa zambiri limati, odziwika mu heyday ukulu wake ndi gulu lankhondo lamphamvu, koma ndi ofanana zochitika za padziko lonse ndi ukoma wa anthu kapena zifukwa zina cholinga. Ena kumizidwa mu chisokonezeko, wosasiya kupanda kukumbukira zina lili ndi malemba a mipukutu yakale. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi Chiuwiga Khanate, amene analipo zaka mazana VIII-IX pa dera la Asia Central.

Anthu pa "ngolo mkulu"

Kalekalelo mu Central Asia anaonekera Chiuwiga Khanate, analowa mgwirizano mafuko anali odziwika mu China. Kutchula koyamba za akupezeka m'mabuku olembedwa a lakumwamba Ufumu, olengedwa mwa zaka za m'ma IV. Iwo Uyghurs anasankha mawu, analankhula monga "gaogyuy" kutanthauza "wamtali ngolo".

Dzina limeneli iwo tiri chizolowezi chawo kusamukira kudutsa steppe mu ngolo ya matayala mkulu. Olemba mbiri Chinese anafotokoza Uighurs ngati undersized, koma amphamvu kwambiri ndipo Hardy anthu, kusiyana ndi nkhanza kwambiri ndi dyera. Komanso taonera luso lawo pa mahatchi ndi cholowa uta.

Mapangidwe Khanate latsopano

Dera anthu mafuko a Chiuwiga Khanate, kapena, mwa kulankhula kwina, Khanate, amene anaonekera mu pakati pa VIII atumwi, m'nthawi ya m'mbuyomu, panali ena atatu oyambirira-woyendayendawu maphunziro. The woyamba anali Khanate, anakhazikitsa m'chaka 323 mu Khangai mapiri, lili pamtunda a Mongolia ano.

Popeza lilipo kwa zaka zosaposa 200 zaka, iye anapereka njira kwa Kaganate wachiwiri sanakhale pa siteji zakale, ndi mu 603 mafuko anawononga Turkey, motsogoleredwa ndi mtsogoleri wa mtundu Ashinov. Iwo wapangidwa ndi atatu maphunziro mafuko - Basmil, Karluk ndi Uighurs. Kukhala kukhudzana zonse ndi China, iwo anasanduka anzake, komanso anabwereka wonse, panthawiyo, dongosolo la ntchitoyi.

Chiyambi cha mbiri ya Chiuwiga Khanate imatengedwa zaka 745, chifukwa cha pachimake ankakonda kulimbana anagwira mphamvu mtsogoleri Fuko la mtundu Yaglakar dzina lake Bilge (fano lake m'munsimu). Iye mwini ndi Chiuwiga, ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezi, boma anawalenga kuti awo, anapita mpaka mu mbiri ya dzina.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa Chiuwiga State

M'pofunika kupereka msonkho kwa wolamulirayo: Uyghur Khaganate analenga pa mfundo za demokalase zokwanira ndi mwapadera kwa miyambo yankhanza a chi. Bilge zofunika ntchito yoyang'anira anaikizidwa oimira genera khumi, anapanga fuko toguz Oguz, amene wakhala kutsogolera, koma osati kawirikawiri boma.

Basmil kukakamiza kufafaniza kukana, anawapatsa ufulu wofanana ndi abale makolo awo. Ngakhale fuko laling'ono monga KIBI Tongra, hun, podwala ndi ena ambiri, atatengedwa kupita ku malo ambiri pa maziko ofanana. Pamene anali kulimbana pa zaka makumi awiri 'motsutsa Karluk Uyghur Khanate, umene unatha intermittently Bilge pambuyo pa imfa, ndipo iwo anali equalized ndi toguz-Oguz, kupeza okha mu makwerero omwewo chikhalidwe.

mawonekedwe chipangizo mkati anapereka kwa iye pa kukhazikika woyamba chokwanira. mitundu Small nthawi yomweyo ali ndi ufulu wofanana monga fuko otsogolera Chiuwiga Khanate. Nkhondo ndi Turkey, ena mabungwe woyendayendawu kokha kulimbitsidwa mgwirizano uwu.

Chifukwa ndalama zake Bilge Khan wasankha malo lili pakati pa phazi la Yembekezerani ndi mtsinje Orkhon. Ambiri, chuma chake, pafupi ndi China, kumadzulo yokutidwa Dzungaria - kwambiri m'dera lawo ya m'dziko la Central Asia, ndi kummawa - gawo la Manchuria. Wopeza zina Kupititsa Uighurs sanafune. Ndi pakati pa VIII m'ma steppe anthu anali atatopa zodabwitsa zakale.

Olandira ulamuliro wapamwamba

Atamwalira Bilge Khan, kenako m'chaka 747, mphamvu wamkulu pa Uyghur Khaganate zapita mwana wake Mayanchuru, koma ufulu wawo cholowa iye anali kuteteza kumenyera wamagazi. Nthawi yomalizira ya ulamuliro wa bambo ake zinali zodzaza ndi zikamera wa pafupi mabwalo wake chitsutso kusakhutira ndi ndondomeko anakhazikitsa ndipo anadikira mpata kuukira.

Anapezerapo mwayi imfa ya wolamulirayo, izo chikwiyire kugalukira atsogoleri ndi Basmil Kurluk, potero chomwe nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Osati ndi mwawi kufafaniza kukana, Mayanchur anakakamizika amachita thandizo la alendo - ndi Chitata ndi kidonyan. Komabe, mbiri yakale ananena kuti yofunika kwambiri mapeto bwino nkhondo unachita luso lake kupeza milandu onse kovuta wololera.

Zovomereza Choncho ukulu wake, Mayanchur anachita makonzedwe a boma. Iye anayamba ndi kulenga kwa asilikali a m'manja ndi ophunzitsidwa bwino. Ndi kufunika yaikulu monga Chiuwiga Khanate analipo panthawi ya nkhondo zonse kumawala mu Asia Central. Koma mosiyana ndi bambo ake, wolamulira wachinyamata akha- kukuza Mabuku awo.

nkhondo Mayanchura

Choncho, kumayambiriro 750, anagwira kunagwera mtsinje wa Yenisei Mtsinje, anagonjetsa fuko okhala kumeneko tors, ndi kugwa anagonjetsa Chitata, selivshimsya ku Western Manchuria. Chaka chotsatira, atagonjetsa adaonjezeredwa dziko Chikigizi M'mphepete m'malire kumpoto chakumadzulo cha Khanate. Kupitiriza mwambo wa atate wake, Mayanchur anapereka oimira anthu kuponderezedwa ufulu wofanana ndi anthu ena a boma.

An siteji kwambiri mbiri ya Chiuwiga Khanate ndi kuwapatsa chithandizo asilikali nthumwi kuti China Mafumu Tang. mfundo ndi yakuti mu 755, mmodzi wa atsogoleri otchuka wa Chinese Army-An Lushan anapanduka anatsogolera detachment ambiri, anapanga makamaka a ku Turkey, analanda onse likulu la zinthu zakuthambo Ufumu - Chang'an ndi Luoyang. Motero, Mfumu sakanachitira mwina koma kupempha thandizo kwa abwenzi ake Uighurs.

Mayanchur kulalikira nthawi yomweyo, kawiri anatumizidwa ku China ndi gulu 5 zikwi. Anthu ndi asilikali pafupifupi 10000th wothandiza. Izi anapulumutsa Tang mafumu, ndipo maferu yadamala kugwirabe mphamvu, koma chifukwa utumiki operekedwa ndi Uighurs, anayenera kulipira golide.

Uwerenge More lalikulu analipira mfumu zokometsera wake kutuluka ku dera la China, ndi kusiya looting. Ntchito asilikali kukhazikitsa bata mu dziko loyandikana limayenda kwambiri Khanate mvetsetsa zabwino pa chuma chake.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhulupiriro Manichaean

gawo lina lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Chiuwiga Khanate anadza, malinga ndi chimodzimodzi m'masiku Chinese, mu caka ca 762, ndipo iye sanali ogwirizana ndi kuwina nkhondo ndi anthu ake tipezeni chikhulupiriro Manichaean. mlaliki wake ndi mmishonale kulankhula bwino chinenero Uighurs Sogdian ndipo anakumana nawo pa kukwera mu lakumwamba Ufumu.

Chipembedzo Mani, kapena Manichaeism unachokera mu III atumwi ku Babulo, Mwachangu anapeza otsatira ake padziko lonse. Popanda kupita tsatanetsatane wa chiphunzitso chake, tiona yekha kuti Africa North pamaso pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity, Manichaeism analalikira tsogolo Saint Augustine, mu Europe limene lachititsa zisokonezo Albigensian, ndi kamodzi mu dziko aku Iran, anasamukira ku Far East.

Kukhala chipembedzo cha boma ya Uighurs, Manichaeism anawapatsa kutsogolera wamphamvu masautso Pa chitukuko. Chifukwa anali kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe, a limati patsogolo kwambiri Sogd ili ku Central Asia, ndi chinenero Sogdian anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito pa ndime ndi Turkic Uighurs ndipo anapereka mwayi kulenga dziko mabuku awo. Iye analola akunjawo dzulo kuti agwirizane ndi chikhalidwe cha Iran, ndiyeno lonse la Mediterranean.

Pakali pano, analandira kwa nthawi miyambo wakunja wa Chiuwiga Khanate, ngakhale phindu chipembedzo chatsopano ndipo anakhazikitsa zikulumikizana chikhalidwe, makamaka wofanana, ndi chiwawa ndi njira yothetsera mavuto ambiri. Amadziwika makamaka kuti Mmasiku awiri osiyana nthawi wolamulira idagwa kuchokera wakupha, ndipo kudzipha limodzi, kukhala pakati pa khamu la achiwawa akuwotcha.

Tuva ndi mbali ya Chiuwiga Khanate

Mu zaka za m'ma VIII wa Uighurs kawiri anayesa kulanda dera wachokera ku Tuva, ndipo anayesera kuti agonjetse mafuko kumeneko tors. Zinali zovuta, chifukwa iwo anali mu mgwirizano ndi anansi ake kumpoto - Chikigizi - ndi kudalira anthu awo. Ofufuza ambiri, kuti thandizo anansi wachititsa zolephera za Uighurs ndi mtsogoleri wawo Moyun-Chura pa pantchito yake yoyamba.

chimodzi chokha Chaka chotsatira, chifukwa cha chigonjetso mu Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Bolchu, Chiuwiga asilikali anakwanitsa kugonjetsa kukana wa tors Chikigizi ndi anzawo. Potsiriza apeze kufalikira m'dera anagonjetsa, Moyun-Chura analamula kuti amange zino za malinga ndi nyumba kumbuyo, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa midzi asilikali kumeneko. Monga mbali ya Chiuwiga Khanate Tuva zinali ndi kugwa kwake, monga mwa mzinda kumpoto, kumadzulo kwa bomalo.

Kusagwirizana ndi lakumwamba Ufumu

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka VIII, kwambiri anakula kugona ndi China Khanate. Makamaka noticeable anali kamodzi pa chaka cha 778 mphamvu panali Mfumu Detszun (fano lake m'munsimu), limatsutsa kwambiri kwa Uighurs ndipo saganizira kofunika kubisa antipathy awo. Ufulu mu zaka zonsezo kaganate Idigan Khan, pofuna kumuchititsa kugonja, agumanikanambo anyankhondo ndi anaukira kumpoto kwa dzikolo.

Komabe, iye sankadziwa kuti m'zaka, monga Uighurs opulumutsidwa ufulu ku China Tang Mafumu, anthu China chinawonjezeka ndi anthu pafupifupi wani miliyoni, choncho, kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa nkhondo. Chifukwa cha ulendo asilikali inatha mu bwino ndipo izo zimawonjezera udani mangawawo.

Komabe, posachedwapa kenako nkhondo ndi Tibet amakakamizidwa mfumu Chinese kupempha thandizo kwa Chiuwiga zidamuda, iwo amalipiritsa kum'patsa ndi chimadalira mokwanira amphamvu a asilikali. Reining mphamvu zaka zitatu ku Tibet ndi kusokoneza kuukira awo pa North China, ndi Uighurs analandira abwana ake chilungamo Golide, koma pamene anabwerera kwawo nkhondo itatha, anakumana ndi vuto mosayembekezereka.

Chiyambi cha ndewu mkati

Mwa kugonjera ndawala, asilikali ake Idigan Khan sankadziwa kuti pakati pa mafuko amene anapanga anthu Khanate, ambiri osati chisoni Tibetans, komanso ndi mataye magazi ndi iwo. Chifukwa, kubwerera wopambana ochokera kumayiko anawakakamiza Uighurs kunyumba kupondereza zachiwawa kunabuka pa malo onsewo, linakhazikitsidwa ndi Karluk ndi Turgish.

Mosakhalitsa anali Khanate Ankhondo udzaphwanya kukana kwawo, monga kumbuyo a iwo anapanduka Chikigizi kusunga kwa nthawi kudziyimira pawokha, koma anagwiritsa ntchito zandale kumaliza kulekana. Mu 816, zinthu analengedwa chifukwa cha mikangano mkati, anagwiritsa ntchito Tibetans, masamba alibe chiyembekezo kubwezera pa kugonjetsedwa posachedwapa wa Uighurs. Kuti lifanane nthawi pamene magulu waukulu Khanate nawo mu yimitsira a kugalukira, ndi kumalire a kumpoto kwa boma, anaukira likulu la Karakorum Uighuria ndi wakubayu zonse ankanyamula, n'kuwawotcha.

nkhondo zachipembedzo chinapululutsa Khanate

Azingokhala wotsatira wa Chiuwiga Khanate, anabwera cha m'ma IX anapereka kwa zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse Odzipatula amaganiza mwa mafuko a iye. Yofunika kwambiri mu kumaliseche a kusiyana zipembedzo awo akusewera ndi chabe Uighurs anakhala chinthu chachikulu cha chidani konsekonse.

Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti Chiuwiga Khanate analipo panthawi imene pakati pa anthu steppe a ku Central Asia anali Kusintha chikhulupiriro. Oyendayenda anabwereka kaonedwe achipembedzo makamaka Iran, Syria ndi Arabia, koma zimachitika pang'onopang'ono, popanda savutitsa kuchokera kunja. Choncho, pang'onopang'ono ndinayamba pakati pawo Nestorius Chikhristu, Chisilamu, Chibuda ndipo theistic (cha Chibuda, amene amazindikira Mlengi wa chilengedwe chonse). Pa nthawi imene munthu mafuko woyendayendawu anakhala amadalira anansi wamphamvu kwambiri, amangoika anafuna kupereka msonkho, ndipo sanayese kusintha lonse osiyanasiyana worldview awo.

Koma Uighurs, iwo ankakamiza mitundu kulipira, iwo anali mbali ya boma, Manichaeism, chifukwa ambiri a chilendo ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa chifukwa osakwanira pa nthawi ya chitukuko. The ndondomeko yomweyo iwo ikuchitika ulemu wa mafuko, amene akhala poona kunkhondo, anapeza okha kufooketsedwa ndi iwo. Sanakhutire ndi atangolandira msonkho Uighurs akhaapatisa kusiya njira moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi kutenga Manichaeism popanga potero kuswa psyche a atumiki ake.

Chiyambi cha imfa ya boma

mchitidwe Izi zinachititsa chakuti osati kukhulupirika komanso kuli kwambiri Uighuria zonse anamuopseza ambiri a adani mkati ndi kunja. Posachedwapa kumenyana ndi mfuti ndi Chikigizi Karluk ndipo ngakhale Tibetans anatenga khalidwe la nkhondo zachipembedzo. Zonsezi zinachititsa chakuti mwa zaka za m'ma IX ukulu Chiuwiga Khanate m'mbuyomu.

The chifooke boma kamodzi wamphamvu anapindula Chikigizi anagwira ku 841, likulu lake Karakorum ndi kuba chuma zonse zili mmenemo. Akatswiri ambiri kutsindika kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa Karakoram kufunika ndi zotsatira kunali kofanana ndi kugwa kwa Constantinople mu 1453.

Pomaliza Chiuwiga Khanate anakomoka pozunzidwa mwankhanza a magulu a Chinese, amene anaukira iye 842 kukhonda anzake erstwhile kuti abwerere ku malire a Manchuria. Koma ngati ndege yaitali sanali kupulumutsa akuzunzika Army. Chikigizi Khan, kudziwa kuti Uighurs anapeza chitetezo m'mayiko a Chitata, iye anabwera ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu ndi kuphedwa onse amene adakali usilikali.

Mwadzidzidzi wolusa ku China anathamangitsa ntchito zankhondo ndiponso zandale osati kokha, komanso umalimbana kukunda Manichaeism, zomwe zina zikupangitsa kuti kufala kwa Chibuda. Mukhtar Maniyev mabuku achipembedzo zinawonongedwa, ndipo chuma kunditumiza ku atumiki a mpatuko mu chuma lachifumu.

Omaliza sewero

Komabe, nkhani alibe inathera ndi Uighurs. Atagonjetsedwa mkhalidwe wawo kamodzi wamphamvu akali asamalidwe 861, ogwirizana padziko otsiriza a mafumu amene analamulira kale Yaglakara, kulenga ukulu waung'ono kumpoto-kumadzulo China, dera la chigawo cha Gansu. Maphunziro kumene analenga mbali ya zakuthambo Ufumu ufulu m'manja.

Pakuti nthawi zina Uighurs ubwenzi ndi ambuye awo latsopano anali bata zokwanira, makamaka chifukwa chakuti nthawi zonse analipira msonkho akonzedwa. Iwo analoledwa kusunga asilikali si ambiri kubweza matenda anansi aukali - Karluk mafuko, ndi yagmy Chigils.

Pamene mphamvu zanu si kokwanira kuthandiza wa asilikali boma. Koma kenako Mfumu ya China, zodzudzula Uighurs mu kuba ndi zipolowe, mosatsata iwo chitetezo awo. Zimenezi 1028 anapindula pafupi Tunguses Tibetans ndi Uighurs dziko, kutha ufumu wawo. Izi anamaliza nkhani Chiuwiga Khanate, monga mwachidule m'nkhani ino.