Choonadi ndi muyezo wake mchiphunzitso cha chidziwitso

Phata la chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso wakhala vuto la choonadi ndi muyezo wake. sukulu zonse ndi akatswiri mumaganiza ndayesera zopanga kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi. Aristotle anali woganiza amene anapereka dziko mtima kuti wakhala tingachipeze powerenga: choonadi - kuti ndi thandizo limene ife kumvetsa ngati boma leni kwa kudziwa zinthu. Tikhoza kunena kuti tanthauzo limeneli imakwaniritsa akatswiri onse, ngakhale kumutsutsa m'misasa - ndi metaphysics ndi dialectics, ndi materialists ndi idealists. theorists kwambiri ake anazindikira chinkhoswe epistemology, kuchokera Fomy Akvinata kwa Karla Marksa. Kusiyana anali chabe chakuti iwo anamva chenicheni, nanga limagwirira wa n'loonadi losadziwika.

Choonadi ndi muyezo wake m'njira ya makolo akhoza kusanthula zochokera zigawo zotsatirazi. Choyamba, zotuluka pa Chofanana kudziwa bwino, anazindikira cholinga ndipo alipo payekhapayekha yathu yozindikira, ndi chikhalidwe cha odziwika bwino pa amaona kudzera chodabwitsa lapansi. Kachiwiri, choonadi chifukwa cha nzeru ndi zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu, ndi mchitidwe wake, ndi mmene ife anazindikira akamanena za kuphunzira chodabwitsa ndi, posapita nthawi, likukhalira kuchita. Kuyambira mfundo imeneyi Koma ayenera mokwanira kusonyeza chidziwitso cha chinthu mu mawonekedwe umene ulipo paokha kwa nkhaniyi. Koma kugwirizana ndi zizipezeka mfundo, ndi chifukwa i miyambo ya chidziwitso amachita ngati umboni zomveka.

Komano, ngakhale Kant atalemba choonadi kuti ndi muyezo wake sangathe kuzindikiritsidwa mu chitukuko cha sayansi ongolankhula, monga sayansi yokha Simungapereke chidziwitso ngakhale chikhalidwe cha maganizo zochepa anthu. Komanso, Kant ankakhulupirira kuti munthu amakhala mu maiko awiri pa nthawi yomweyo - zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe. Natural dziko amamvera malamulo a causality ndi kufunika, ndi odziwika bwino ongolankhula malingaliro, koma malingaliro ndi mphamvu mukudziwa akamanena za zinthu, ndipo kokha apita kachitidwe kamodzi zolakwa wina. dziko A chikhalidwe ndi dziko la ufulu, odziwika bwino chifukwa zothandiza, ndiko kuti, chifuniro, lomwe ndi kumvera malamulo a makhalidwe abwino, ndipo palibe angamachite, ndipo ukugwira pafupifupi m'mbali. Choncho, muyezo waukulu Kant amakhala chofunika abwino.

Vuto la muyezo wa choonadi si mlendo kumvetsa amakono, koma limatchula zake. Kwa chuma ndi positivism ngati muyezo akhoza kumatanthauza mwa malingaliro dialectic kulankhulana monga cholinga, Mtheradi, wachibale ndi zoona zenizeni. Lingaliro la Kudziwa ntchito zolembedwa za nzeru za anthu chabe zikutanthauza kuti tikulankhula za ufulu wa zili zonse munthu ndi wa anthu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, cholinga choonadi angatchedwe mtheradi, koma pamlingo winawake. Patsogolo ndi chitukuko cha chidziwitso kumabweretsa kusintha ndi kukuza zili maganizo athu za dziko, ndi chifukwa cholinga choonadi ndi onse wachibale. Mawu akuti "kulunjika" limakupatsani kuthandauza kwa malire a Mtheradi ndi wachibale, ndi muyezo wa kulondola mchitidwe.

Tikhoza kunena zoona kuti ndi muyezo wake kukhala gawo limene ambiri delimited nzeru ena a nthawi yathu ku mbali postpositivists Karl Popper ndi woyambitsa wa hermeneutics nthanthi ya Hans Georg Gadamer. Popper anapeza ambiri malingaliro a anthu, chikhalidwe, aesthetics ndi zamulungu - siyana maganizo, kulungamitsa mfundo zina. Choncho, chida chachikulu cha kusanthula ankaona masiku tingachipeze powerenga rationalism, ntchito zomwe nzeru akhoza kuchititsa "mzere wa demarcation" pakati pa sayansi ndi pseudoscience, choonadi ndi cholakwika. Ndithudi, palibe zolondola mwamtheradi ziphunzitso za sayansi ndi malingaliro ndi makonzedwe, woona ndi msinkhu wawo sayansi, komanso anthu amene ali okha pamene pansi chofufuzidwa yovuta (falsification). Choncho, kuchokera amazionera a Popper a muyezo waukulu kusiyana kwa sayansi ndi metaphysics ndi ovuta mfundo falsification.

Choonadi ndi muyezo wake ndi mfundo yaikulu ya ntchito zokopa wa Hans-Georga Gadamera "Choonadi ndi Njira". Si nzeru zapamwamba amasonyeza ubale wa magulu awiri awa, ndi zosagwirizana wawo wonse. njira Scientific a chidziwitso, lotchedwa njira si chilengedwe kapena chimodzi chokha. chitukuko Scientific ndi ongolankhula wa dziko siligwira ntchito kwa chinenero, kapena aesthetics, kapena nkhani, icho itsekeke pang'ono ndi Wopereka zinachitikira choonadi kuti palibe pophunzira, ndipo mwa kumvetsa. Yotsirizira chilipo pokhapokha pamene "kaja la kuzindikira 'la wolemba ndi wotanthauzira zikulumikizana, mafyuzi, ndi kukambirana chikuchitika pakati pawo. Kukhalapo kwa kukambirana ngati ndi kufufuza zinenero wamba pakati osiyana chikhalidwe ndi choonadi muyezo anthu cognition.