Fluoride - ndi chiyani ichi? The katundu wa fluorine

Fluoro - mankhwala mchitidwe (chizindikiro F, atomiki nambala 9), si zitsulo, zimene ziri za gulu halogen. Izi ndi achangu ndi electronegative. Pa kutentha yachibadwa ndi kuthamanga kwa fluorine molekyulu ndi mpweya woipa wotumbululuka chikasu ndi chilinganizo F _2. Mofanana ndi halogens zina, fluorine maselo ndi woopsa kwambiri ndipo anakumana ndi khungu amachititsa zilonda zamoto.

ntchito

Fluorine ndi mankhwala ake ankagwiritsa ntchito T. H., Ndipo kwa kupanga asatayike, agrochemicals, utsi ndi lubricants, ndi nsalu. asidi Hydrofluoric ntchito etch galasi, ndi madzi a m'magazi a fluorine - kupanga michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi zipangizo zina. magawanidwe Low a F ayoni mu mankhwala otsukira mano ndi kumwa madzi kungathandize mano, pamene woipa apamwamba ali mbali ya tizirombo. Ambiri dzanzi ambiri ofanana nawo a fluorocarbons. ¹⁸ F isotope ndi gwero positron kwa kulingalira zachipatala ndi tomography positron umuna, ndi ureniamu hexafluoride ntchito kulekana kwa isotopes wa ureniamu ndi zokolola Polemeretsedwa ureniamu zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya.

History of anapeza

Mchere munali fluorine mankhwala, akhala kudziwika kwa zaka zambiri kumasulidwa elementi mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mchere fluorspar (kapena fluorite), wopangidwa mwa fluoride calcium, limafotokonzera 1530 ndi Agricola G. Gheorghiu. Iwo ananena kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kamwazi - mankhwala omwe amathandiza kuchepetsa limatsogolera mfundo za chitsulo kapena miyala ndi amathandiza woyera ankafunila zitsulo. Choncho fluoro dzina ku Latin dzina la analandira mawu fluere ( «kusonkhana»).

Mu 1670 Henry godu glassmaker Shvanhard anapeza kuti galasi unazokotedwa mchikakamizo cha kashiamu fluoride (fluorspar), asidi kuzunzidwa. Karl Scheele ndi ofufuza zambiri, kuphatikizapo Humphrey Davy, Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, Antuan Lavuaze, Louis Tenar ayesa asidi hydrofluoric (HF), umene mosavuta analandira mwa kuchitira CaF anaikira asidi sulfuric.

Pomaliza, zinadziwika kuti HF lili chinthu sankadziwika. mankhwala Komabe, chifukwa reactivity ake kwambiri analephera kuonetsetsa kwa zaka. N'kosavuta yekha kupatukana mankhwala, koma nthawi yomweyo amachitira ndi zigawo zina zache. Kudzipatula elemental fluorine ku chidulo hydrofluoric ndi woopsa kwambiri ndipo akuyesetsa oyambirira khungu ndi kupha asayansi angapo. Anthu awa anali kudziŵika kuti "Ofera a fluoride."

Kupezeka ndi kupanga

Pomaliza, mu 1886, ku French sayansi Henri Muassanu anakwanitsa kusakonda osakaniza fluorine ndi electrolysis a fluoride osungunula potaziyamu ndi asidi hydrofluoric. Chifukwa iye anali kupereka cha 1906 Nobel Prize mu Chemistry. njira zake electrolytic akadali ntchito lero kwa mafakitale elementi mankhwala.

Woyamba zikuluzikulu yopanga fluorine anayamba nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Ankafunika kuti mmodzi wa magawo a chilengedwe cha bomba la atomiki mu Manhattan Project. Fluorine ntchito yopangira ureniamu hexafluoride (UF ₆₎ zimene pamapeto, ntchito kulekanitsa Chrixitu isotopes awiri ²³⁵ U ndi ²³⁸ U. Today gaseous UF ₆ chofunika kupeza Unakhala ureniamu kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya.

The katundu wofunika kwambiri fluorine

Mu nthawi mchitidwe Gome mu gawo chapamwamba 17 wa gulu (poyamba Gulu 7a), ndilo lotchedwa halogen. halogens zina monga chlorine, bromine, ayodini ndi astatine. Komanso, F mu nthawi yachiwiri ndi pakati mpweya ndi Neon.

Koyera fluoro - mpweya zikuwononga (mankhwala chilinganizo F ₂₎ ndi khalidwe Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala fungo amene wapezeka pa ndende ya 20 NL pa lita. Monga kwambiri electronegative ndi zotakasika mbali zonse, mosavuta ndipamene pawiri ndi ambiri a iwo. Fluoride ndi zotakasika kwambiri kukhalapo mu mawonekedwe elemental ndipo ali kuyandikana zimenezi ndi zipangizo kwambiri, kuphatikizapo pakachitsulo, kuti silingathe kukhala okonzeka kapena kusungidwa mu muli galasi. Mu mpweya chinyezi, umakaphatikizana ndi madzi kupanga osati zochepa woopsawo asidi hydrofluoric.

Fluoro, zimavuta ndi wa hydrogen ndi kuyaka moto ngakhale pa kutentha otsika ndi mu mdima. Umakaphatikizana zachiwawa ndi madzi kupanga asidi hydrofluoric ndi gaseous oxygen. zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo galasi ndi zitsulo finely wogawanika, mu mtsinje wa fluorine mpweya kuwotcha lawi yowala. Komanso, chinthu mankhwala ndipamene pawiri ndi wolemekezeka mpweya krypton, xenon ndi radon. Komabe mwachindunji asafe ndi mpweya, zilibe anatani.

Ngakhale ntchito muyeso wa fluorine, tsopano kukhala njira kupezeka kwa akuchitira otetezeka komanso thiransipoti. mchitidwe akhoza kusungidwa mu muli zopangidwa ndi zitsulo kapena Monel (faifi tambala kulemera aloyi), kuyambira zinthuzi padziko fluorides anapanga kuti akatchinge anachita zina.

Fluorides - chinthu chimene fluorine alipo monga ion zoipa mlandu (F ^-) osakaniza ndi ena zinthu zabwino mlandu. Fluorine mankhwala ndi zitsulo ndi mwa mchere khola kwambiri. Pamene kusungunuka m'madzi, iwo anawagawa ayoni. Mitundu ina ya fluorine ndi maofesi, mwachitsanzo, [FeF _4] ^{- ndi} H ₂ F ^+.

isotopes

Pali kuchuluka kwa isotopes wa halogen, kuyambira ¹⁴ F mpaka ³¹ F. Koma fluorine isotope zikuchokera limapangidwa mmodzi yekha wa iwo, ¹⁹ F muli neutrons 10, kotero mwamsanga pamene wosasunthika. The nyukiliya isotope ¹⁸ F - opereka positrons.

zotsatira kwachilengedwenso

Fluorine m'thupi makamaka mafupa ndi mano mu mawonekedwe a ayoni. Fluoridation ya kumwa madzi mu ndende ya gawo zosakwana imodzi miliyoni kwambiri kuchepetsa kufala kwa caries - kotero National Council ya Academy National wa Sciences USA Research. Komano, kudzikundikira kwambiri a fluoride kungachititse kuti fluorosis, amene kumaonekera mu mottling mano. Amenewa ambiri anaona m'madera zili anapatsidwa mankhwala amafotokozera mu ndende madzi akumwa kuposa 10 ppm.

Elemental fluorine ndi fluoride salt ndi poizoni ndipo ayenera kuwachitira mosamala kwambiri. Contact ndi khungu kapena maso ayenera kupewa. Anachita ndi khungu umabala asidi hydrofluoric, amene mwamsanga likulowerera minofu ndi amachitira ndi kashiamu mu mafupa, kuwononga izo zonse.

Fluorine chilengedwe

Dziko pachaka yopanga mchere fluorite wa tonnes za 4 miliyoni, ndi mphamvu okwana kufufuza madipoziti mkati matani 120 miliyoni. The yaikulu ya mchere izi m'madera migodi ndi Mexico, Ulaya ndi China.

Mu chikhalidwe fluoro opezeka kutumphuka dziko lapansi kumene angapezeke mu miyala, dongo ndi mpweya. Fluorides mu mpweya pamene kukokoloka mphepo. Fluorine ndi 13 wambiri mankhwala amafotokozera mu matanthwe a Dziko Lapansi - wokhutira ndi 950 ppm. Mu dothi, pafupifupi ndende yake - za 330 ppm. Haidrojeni fluoride akhoza anamasulidwa mu mlengalenga chifukwa cha njira kuyaka mu makampani. Fluorides kuti ali mu mlengalenga, kenako kugwa pansi kapena madzi. Pamene fluorine ndipamene ubale ndi tinthu tina ting'onoting'ono kwambiri, tingakhale airborne kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mu chikhalidwe cha 0,6 ppb wa zinthu mankhwala pano mu mawonekedwe a kutsitsi ndi mchere ndi mankhwala organic chlorine. Mu mapangidwe m'tawuni ndende ukufika 50 ppb.

kugwirizana

Fluoro - ndi chinthu, imene imagwiritsidwa osiyanasiyana mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga. Akatswiri akhoza m'malo maatomu wa hydrogen, potero kupanga kuchuluka kwa zinthu zatsopano. Ndipamene zotakasika kwambiri halogen mankhwala mpweya mfulu. Mu 1962, Neil Bartlett synthesizes xenon geksaftorplatinat (XePtF6). Fluorides wa krypton ndi radon akhala okonzeka. pawiri wina ndi ftorgidrid argon, khola yekha pa otsika kutentha kwambiri.

ntchito luso

The atomiki ndi maselo boma fluorine ntchito plasma etching mu kupanga michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, kusonyezedwa lathyathyathya gululi ndi machitidwe microelectromechanical. asidi Hydrofluoric ntchito etching galasi chifukwa nyali ndi katundu wina.

Pamodzi ndi ena mwa mankhwala ake, fluorine - yofunika kwambiri yopanga asatayike, agrochemicals, utsi ndi lubricants, ndi nsalu. Chemical chinthu chofunika kwa yokonza alkanes halogenated (halons), womwe ankagwiritsa ntchito mpweya ndi kuzirala. Kenako ntchito imeneyi ya CFCs analetsedwa chifukwa amathandiza kuti kuwonongedwa kwa ozoni m'mwamba.

Sulfa hexafluoride - inert kwambiri, si poizoni mpweya choikidwa zinthu kuchititsa zotsatira kutentha. Popanda fluorine zosatheka popanga mapulasitiki ndi otsika koyefishienti wa mikangano, monga Teflon. wothandizila ambiri mankhwala ochititsa (mwachitsanzo, sevoflurane, desflurane ndi isoflurane) ndi ofanana nawo a fluorocarbons. ndi sodium Geksaftoralyuminat (cryolite) ntchito zotayidwa electrolysis.

Fluorine mankhwala, kuphatikizapo NaF, ntchito otsukira mano pofuna kupewa caries. zinthu izi akuwonjezeka oyang'anira tauni dongosolo madzi kwa fluoridation wa madzi, koma chifukwa cha zimakhudza thanzi la munthu, mwambo umenewu ndi maganizo. Pa woipa apamwamba NaF ntchito ngati tizilombo ndi, makamaka ndi mphemvu.

M'mbuyomu, fluorides ntchito kuchepetsa zitsulo limatsogolera kutentha ndi ores, ndi kukula zokolola zawo. Fluoride - ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za ulimi wa ureniamu hexafluoride, amene ntchito kulekana kwa isotopes ake. ¹⁸ F, ndi nyukiliya isotope ndi theka moyo wa mphindi 110, limatulutsa positrons ndipo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito zachipatala positron tomography umuna.

thupi katundu wa fluorine

makhalidwe ziriri wa zinthu mankhwala ali motere:

• 18.9984032 atomiki misa g / mol.
• The zamagetsi kasinthidwe wa 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.
• The makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la -1.
• Kachulukidwe 1.7 g / L.
• 53,53 K. limatsogolera kutentha
• K. otentha 85,03
• 31,34 Kutentha mphamvu J / (K · mol).