Gawo la mtsinje. Kodi ndi ankadziwana mtsinje. Gulf ku malire kunsi kwa mtsinje

Kodi mtsinje, amadziwa aliyense. thupi ili la madzi, chimene chimachokera, monga ulamuliro, pa mapiri kapena zitunda, ndi ntchito njira yake kutalika kwa makumi mazana makilomita, amalowa mosungiramo, nyanja kapena nyanja. Kuti mbali ya mtsinje, moyenda ku njira yaikulu, wotchedwa wamanja. A chiwembu ndi wothamanga kuthamanga panopa pamodzi phiri otsetsereka, - ndi pakhomo. Ndiye kodi ndi mtsinje? Amene zigawo angathe kuuza? Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane zimene zikutanthauza ife ndi mawu chosavuta ndi bwino monga "mtsinje".

Kodi mtsinje?

Woyamba kudziwa zoyambirira za zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo, timachotsa sukulu pa maphunziro a dziko. Ana tikuuzidwa kuti mfundo monga mtsinje, mtsinje, nyanja, nyanja, nyanja ndi zina zotero. Mwachibadwa, mphunzitsiyo sangathandize koma kukamba za zomwe ndi mbali ya mtsinje. 2 kalasi - ndi molawirira kwambiri kuloweza zambiri mawu ndi mfundo. Choncho, ana kupempha thandizo kwa makolo awo. Ndipo ine ndiyenera kunena, anawaika deadlock a. Chifukwa akulu zambiri sangathe kuyankha mafunso ophweka awa. Choncho, si aliyense kufotokoza kusiyana pakati pa ankadziwana bedi mtsinje, kapena oxbow nyanja anapanga. Kapena pano ndi chitsanzo china - kuti ndi chigwa cha mtsinje? Tiyeni kachiwiri tione onse mfundo izi.

Mtsinje - mpaka kalekale madzi kutuluka. Mu zigawo louma la Dziko Mwachitsanzo, mu Africa ndi Australia, mwina yochepa youma. Chipale kudyetsedwa mitsinje, pansi, mvula ndi madzi glacial. Izi thupi la chibadwidwe wa madzi kwa zaka anayamba kuda ake njira. Ndipo ubale wa nyengo ndi mtsinje momveka bwino. Ndipo n'zosavuta mme-. Nyengo yozungulira otaya mawonekedwe: si ofanana mu osiyana okwera, kumpoto ndi longitude mabacteria.

Khalidwe tiganizire gwero madzi komanso zimadalira mtunda ndi malo imene ili. mapu chikusonyeza mtsinje, kuti kudutsa chigwa, pansi pa phiri otsetsereka. Iwo angathe kuonedwa ngakhale mobisa. mitsinje m'zigwa ikuyenda mwa malo athyathyathya lonse. Iwo chimakhala chogwidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa nyanjayi, ndiko kuti, lateral kukokoloka. Otsetsereka mumbali mosungiramo, bedi zambiri kumulowetsa, pa ofooka kutchulidwa. makhalidwe osiyana kwambiri ndi mitsinje phiri. Kama wa awo yopapatiza ndi miyala. Valley bwino anazipanga, ndi otsetsereka, magombe. Childs, madzi awa si kwambiri, koma mlingo wa otaya ndi zoopsa.

Komanso kusiyanitsa nyanja mtsinje. Iwo zikhonza zichokere nyanja kapena kuti pakhale njira kupyolera mwa iwo. zinthu zimenezi ndi kuda apamwamba mu madzi otsika. Pa nyanja mtsinje yaitali madzi mkulu. Monga ulamuliro, iwo sali motalika kwambiri. ena chithaphwi mtsinje. zidzachitika, ndithudi, osachepera. Ali ndi chigumula wodzaza, ndi kusefukira kwa madzi pafupipafupi chifukwa cha khalidwe la mtunda mosabisa, pamene mtsinje, amene nthawi zonse kudzadza ndi madzi pang'onopang'ono mwa chithaphwi.

Chapadera karst mtsinje. Iwo amadya pafupifupi nthawi zonse kuchokera pansi, wodzala ndi otchedwa cavities karst. Kuda mu madzi otsika adakulabe mu mitsinje iyi.

springhead

Chiyambi cha mtsinje wotchedwa gwero. Izi ndi malo njira okhazikika aumbike. gwero angakhale osiyana: mtsinje, nyanja, chithaphwi. Chiyambi cha mitsinje lalikulu zambiri kupereka mayiwe angapo ang'onoang'ono. Pankhaniyi, gwero adzakhala malo pophatikizana awo. Mwachitsanzo, chiyambi cha ob Mtsinje kupereka madzi Katun ndi Biya. Mountain mitsinje pafupifupi nthawi zonse popangidwa ndi confluence mitsinje ambiri. Chabwino lathyathyathya kuyamba mwa nyanja. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti malo a wina mosungiramo payekha. Ndipo gwero la aliyense mtsinje alili wapadera.

mtsinje chigwa

Pamaso kusanthula mayina a mbali ya mtsinje, mufunika kuleka pa mawu monga "mtsinje chigwa". Kulankhula chilankhulo cha sayansi, tikulankhula za zamkati elongated analengedwa ndi mitsinje. Ali ndi kukondera kotsimikizika kwa apano. magawo onse a zigwa mtsinje (m'lifupi, kuya ndi kuvuta nyumba) ndi amadalira kotheratu mlingo wa mphamvu watercourse lapansi. Kunakhudza nthawi linakhalapo, chikhalidwe cha mtunda ozungulira. N'komwe mtendere wa thanthwe ndi kukula kwa malo a ntchito tectonic.

Onse zigwa mtsinje chigwa ndi pansi ndi otsetsereka. Koma, mobwerezanso, chikhalidwe chawo zimadalira m'dera mpumulo. mitsinje m'mapiri kusiyana ndi otsetsereka. Iwo chozama kupitirira zigwa. Mu chigwa sali lonse ndi yopapatiza. Nthawi zambiri ndakufotokozerani pansi analowa. Zigwa za chigwa zosiyana. Iwo zigwirizana oxbows zinamenyanitsa ndi floodplain njira. Young chigwa yodziwika ndi otsetsereka ndi okalamba ndi analowa pagombe. otsetsereka amatchedwa masitepe. Akulu mtsinje, choncho analowa gombe yaitali onse.

Young mtsinje masitepe simuli. Ngakhale floodplain amapezeka paliponse. Pansi mayiwe izi ufa woboola pakati, kawirikawiri chifukwa chakuti m'dera kale unachitikira glacier. Koma pali kuchotserapo.

Mbali yaikulu ya mtsinje - njira ndi floodplain - kupangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. The ovomerezeka kwa kukokoloka mofulumira miyala ndi onse kuposa mu dothi crystalline. Komanso, mbali yaikulu ya zigwa mtsinjewo kuti nthawi zonse pang'onopang'ono anawonjezera kuti pakamwa pa. otsetsereka awo ndi modekha ndi masitepe - hemayo.

Kodi zigwa za mitsinje ndi wapadera tanthauzo othandiza. Ndi malo yabwino kwambiri yomanga midzi. Monga ulamuliro, pa masitepe pali m'matauni ndi m'midzi, ndipo zigwa chigumula zosiyana kwa ziweto m'dzikolo.

chigumula kumveka

Ngati anawamasulira kuti "floodplain" - chinachake wodzala ndi madzi. Ndipo ziri zolondola mwamtheradi tanthauzo. gawo ili la mtsinje chigwa, imene pa nthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi ndi chigumula kwathunthu ndi madzi. Floodplain ali yake wapadera malo. nthawi zambiri ogaŵikana m'njira ziwiri. Pansi floodplain ladzala nthawi zonse chaka ndi chaka. Kumtunda - yekha mu zaka pamene pali mkulu madzi mlingo.

Lililonse chigumula masamba amaonekera ake floodplain lapansi. Iye blurs pamwamba pa nthaka, kupanga gullies ndi oxbows mitundu. Chaka chilichonse padziko lapansi ndi mchenga, miyala ndi loam. Izi kumawonjezera mlingo chigumula. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali ndondomeko ya kukulitsa njira. M'kupita kwa nthawi, otsika floodplain akukhala mkulu, anapanga masitepe floodplain. Iwo analowa khalidwe. Floodplain ovuta m'mphepete mwa nyanja ali kutalika mamita angapo. pa izo kawirikawiri anapanga gullies ndi oxbows.

Mu mitsinje lowland floodplain waukulu. Mwachitsanzo, ob m'lifupi ukufika 30 Km, ndi m'madera ena ndi ena. Mountain mtsinje floodplains sangathe kudzitama. malo otere zidutswa yekha, m'mene angathe kuonedwa ku mbali imodzi kapena ina.

Kutanthauza madambo lalikulu. Chotero malo wapatali ntchito ngati msipu meadows udzu. Floodplain pafupifupi mtsinje yaikulu m'chigawo, m'nkhalango steppes ndi nayonso - malo okhazikika ziweto.

mumtsinjewo

Kunsi kwa mtsinje, kapena m'malo m'chigwa, yotchedwa nyanza. Iwo anapanga yothandizira madzi mumtsinje. Monga limayenda zonse kukhetsa ambiri matope pansi. Channel, monga ulamuliro, angapo a nthambi. Ndi kawirikawiri m'mbali, koma kuti mitsinje phiri.

Malangizo, monga njira pakamwa, ndi ndipamene kuchuluka otaya manja. Makamaka kwambiri a iwo ankadziwana ndi. Ikuyenda mu floodplain anapanga pa nthawi ya madzi mkulu, koma mu miyezi otentha yotentha mwina adzauma. Manja lowland mitsinje ndi tortuous mtunda. Iwo anati ikuyenda bwino clastic chitayiko kudzikundikira. Mu mitsinje lamapiri anapanga ducts n'zochepa kwambiri, ndi manja zambiri mwachindunji. Mukhoza kupeza malo a mathithi ndi mathithi a pamwamba osiyana. Iwo akhoza zachuluka miyala ndi boulders lalikulu. Ples - malo akuya manja - taphunzira ndi kugawanika kotereku kumachitika. Kawirikawiri kusintha amenewa anamuona pa malire m'munsi. manja m'lifupi ndi mitsinje lalikulu, mwachitsanzo, monga Yenissei Lena, Volga, ob akhoza kufika makumi angapo makilomita.

pamakomo

The mtsinje zambiri ndipamene mathithi. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu bedi m'phiri mtsinje. Pakhomo - ndi malo osaya chosaneneka timiyala ndi boulders. Izo zinabala mu malo amenewo kumene n'zovuta overlie miyala linasokoneza. Pali kusiyana Amowabu ya mafunde akuluakulu. Pamakomo, chifukwa zimachititsa chilumbachi ake, kupanga n'zosatheka kutumiza ndipo kungakhale kovuta kwambiri aloyi. Nthawi zina chifukwa cha iwo, munthu amakakamizidwa kumanga ndi-chiphaso ngalande. Nthawi zambiri pambuyo pake ku mathithi a akuika opangira magetsi zomera mphamvu. Pamene ntchito yopindulitsa ndi chidwi kugwa mu malo otsetsereka mtsinje. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha Ayenela-Ilim opangira magetsi siteshoni pa za Angara Mtsinje.

Kodi ankadziwana mtsinje?

Delta - a kuchigwa mtsinje. Ndi pafupifupi nthawi yodziwika ndi ducts zambiri nthambi ndi manja. Delta anapanga okha malire m'munsi. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti mu gawo lino la posungira popangidwa ndi wapadera mini-topezeka. Lililonse mtsinje ndi wapadera ndi inimitable.

Ambiri mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu ya Russia ali ankadziwana lalikulu ntchito bwino anayamba alluvial. Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga nthawi zonse zotsatira mu Volga ndi Lena. ankadziwana awo yaikulu ndi nthambi mu maukonde wonse wa hoses. Kuwonjezera izi mukhoza tionenso Kuban, Terek ndi Neva Mtsinje. Chinthu chapadera cha ankadziwana ndi ili m'madera kum'mwera amakonzedwa m'madambo. Apa onani chitayiko zosiyanasiyana zomera m'mphepete kupeza malo osiyanasiyana nyama, achule ndi zokwawa. mitundu ya mbalame kumanga nkhalango awo ndi m'nkhalango pafupi ndi madzi zisa zawo. Koma mbali yofunikira kwambiri za chuma nsomba. Ataona funso kodi mtsinje ankadziwana, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti ichi ndi wapadera microcosm ndi chikhalidwe chake.

Limani

Pa confluence a mitsinje m'nyanja nthawi zambiri anapanga kumalo osaya. Iwo akutchedwa mitsinje. Bay izi malire kunsi kwa mtsinje - malo ndi zachilendo kwambiri ndi kwabasi. Lyman kumachitika pamene madzi anasefukira lowland mitsinje nyanja. Iwo akhoza anatsegula - ndiye amatchedwa guboyu. Mu nkhani iyi, Gulf sindiye kuti chikugwirizana ndi nyanja. Pali mitsinje chatsekedwa, ie, anapambulwa pa nyanja madzi Sushi lamizeremizere - .. Waung'ono malovu. Childs, madzi ndi mchere mitsinje, koma osati kufika kunyanja. Komabe, ndi inflow ka madzi, chitha kwambiri saline. Gulf ku malire kunsi kwa mtsinje si nthawi zonse anapanga. Ambiri a iwo ili pa gombe la nyanja Azov. Mitsinje ndi mitsinje Dniester ndi Kuban.

mtsinje pakamwa

Malo mtsinje umayenda m'nyanja, mosungiramo, nyanja kapena thupi zina za madzi, wotchedwa pakamwa. Izo zikhoza kukhala zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, m'deralo pafupi ndi kamwa, akhoza kupanga estuary, Bay kapena estuary. Koma mtsinje madzi kutha pa zifukwa zingapo - mpanda ulimi wothirira wa m'minda ulimi, kapena kungoti asanduke nthunzi. Pankhaniyi tilankhula za pakamwa a akhungu, ndiko kuti, mtsinje umayenda mu paliponse. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti pa mapeto a njira yake madzi basi kupita pansi, ndi mtsinje kusiyiratu. Choncho, sitinganene kuti aliyense mtsinje ali ndi pakamwa bwino chimatanthauza. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya Okavango mtsinje Mwamsanga mu m'madambo a Kalahari chipululu. Choncho, gwero la mtsinje ndi estuary kwenikweni si bwino umaonetseredwa, ndi kudziwa iwo Sizotheka.

tributary

The zinkachititsa - ndi watercourse kupita mu mtsinje zikuluzikulu. Ku otsiriza kaŵirikaŵiri yodziwika ndi mabuku ang'onoang'ono a madzi ndi kutalika. Koma, monga momwe atafufuza m'zaka za posachedwapa, si mmene zinalili m'mbuyomu. Pali mitsinje angapo kuti akuphwanya lamulo lokhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Oka amalowa Volga kuti ndi otsika buku la madzi. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu waterway chachikulu ichi amalowa ndi Kama, amenenso anali olemera kwambiri. Koma pa Volga onse kuchotserapo kudziwika sikuthera pamenepo. Angara ananena tributary wa Yenisei. Pankhaniyi, mbali ya mtsinje, amene merges ndi chinthu chachiwiri, ali kawiri monga madzi ambiri. Ndiko kuti, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti Angara zikuluzikulu. Childs, otaya ndi kusiyana motsogozedwa chigwa, kotero inu mukhoza kudziwa kwenikweni chimene chiri zimene kugwa.

Koma mtsinje si nthawi zonse kuphatikiza ndi mzake. Nthawi zina iwo kugwera mu nyanja kapena matupi zina madzi. Makhwawa anawagawa lamanja ndi lamanzere, malingana ndi mbali iti iwo anabwera kwa bedi. Iwo ya mtundu wina: pulayimale ndi sekondale. Ena mwa iwo kugwa mwachindunji mu waukulu ngalande njira. Izi ndi makhwawa chachikulu. mitsinje onse ogwirizana ndi iwo, adzakhala sekondale. Mwachitsanzo, Zhizdra ndi tributary yoyamba ya Oka ndi Volga kwa sekondale.

distributary

Wamanja - izo ndi gawo la mtsinje. Izi zikhoza kukhala nthambi kapena "akuwaza" wa njira. Onani kuti malaya ayenera kubwerera ku mtsinje. Nthawi zina zimachitika mu makumi angapo mamita, koma nthawi zambiri chimafikira makilomita angapo. kudzanja aumbike mwa sedimentation. Pankhaniyi, chisumbu aumbike mwa mzere. The manja ndi maina wamba ambiri. Volga awo amatchedwa "Volozhka". Pa kumpoto Dvina mtsinje akuimira mawu "dzenje." Pa Don am'deralo kuwatcha starodone. Pa mtsinje wa Danube - "dzanja". The manja kungakhale kofunika sekondale. Kenako zambiri amatchedwa ngalande. Pafupifupi onse hoses ndi ducts patapita oxbows nthawi kukhala. Monga zikuluzikulu zikusintha, iwo sakukhudzidwa.

bayou

Bayou - ndi elongated nyanja kapena mtsinje malo, kusagwirizana kwa zikuluzikulu za. Starkey angapezeke mu chigumula kumveka kapena pa bwalo m'munsi. Nyamuka pamene iwo alipo kapena mchenga dothi shoals manja, komanso makosi BREAKOUT meanders. Mu akazi achikulire nthawi khalidwe horseshoe mawonekedwe. Iwo olumikiza njira yaikulu ya madzi kokha pamene litulukira. Komabe, nthawi zambiri ali osiyana madamu. iwo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa nyanja floodplain. Galimoto mbali ya mtsinje, pa amene atchuka akazi onse akale, akhoza kupereka lingaliro mmene younikira anayang'ana patsogolo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chinthu lisinthike - ukuwonjezeka, amasintha mawonekedwe ake. Bayou akutembenukira ku Dambo, ndiyeno kwathunthu mu udzu achinyezi. Patapita nthawi, kwa iye ngakhale chikhalire.

Mlingo wa mtsinje

mlingo mtsinje - kutalika pamwamba madzi. Mawu amenewa ntchito pafupifupi onse malo achilengedwe ndipo anapanga. Aliyense mtsinje ali ndi makhalidwe otsika ndi mkulu otchulidwa. The pazipita mlingo madzi ikusonyezedwa pa nthawi ya chigumula, kawirikawiri mu kasupe ndi chirimwe. Mu chigumula yophukira kudzali. Chifukwa kuti ndinu achezera mvula yamvumbi. M'nyengo yozizira, madzi ndi adatchithisira mlingo wake wa kuthungo. Nthawi zambiri mtsinje kumakhala kosavuta olemera ndi chilimwe - pa chilala yaitali pamene mitsinje kuti kuyenda mu mtsinje wa, youma. lililonse boma la mtsinje ndi mosamalitsa payekha. A kuchepa ndi kuwonjezeka mu madzi nthawi zonse zimadalira mbali nyengo ndi mpumulo.