Holography - izo ... Lingaliro, mfundo, ntchito

Holographic chithunzi cha lero ochuluka ntchito. Ena amakhulupirira kuti akhoza m'malo ndi njira zodziwika kulankhulana pa nthawi. Ngati kapena ayi, koma tsopano chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, tonsefe bwino zomata holographic. A zambiri opanga ntchito monga njira chitetezo chinyengo. chithunzi m'munsimu limasonyeza ena zomata holographic. ntchito yawo - njira yabwino kwambiri poteteza katundu ndi zikalata ndi chinyengo.

Mbiri ya kuphunzira holography

Atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena chithunzi analandira chifukwa cha refraction, anayamba kuphunzira ndi posachedwapa. Komabe, tinganene kuti kuli mbiri ya kafukufuku wake. Dennis Gabor, British wasayansi, choyamba kuzindikiridwa mu 1948, ndi holography. Kupezeka Zimenezi zinali zofunika kwambiri, koma phindu lake lalikulu pa nthawi anali akali bwino. Ntchito mu 1950s akatswiri akhala akufufuza anadwala kupanda gwero kuwala kukhala Mgwirizano - ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha holography. The laser woyamba chopangidwa mu 1960. Ndi chipangizo ichi n'zotheka kuwala ndi Mgwirizano chokwanira. Juris Upatnieks ndi immet Leith, US asayansi ntchito polenga hologram choyamba. Mothandizidwa chawo analandira zithunzi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena zinthu.

Mu zaka wotsatira, phunzirolo limapita. Mazana a mapepala kafukufuku amene anafufuza mfundo holography, wakhala zafalitsidwa, ndipo mabuku ambiri pa njira imeneyi. Komabe, ntchito izi akunenedwa kwa akatswiri osati owerenga ambiri. M'nkhani ino tikambirana zonse chinenero paulendowo.

holography Kodi

Mungathe kupeleka tanthauzo zotsatirazi: holography - analandira ndi laser volumetric chithunzi. Komabe, tanthauzo limeneli si kwathunthu zogwira mtima, monga pali mitundu ina ya zithunzi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena. Komabe, izo zimanyezimiritsa kwambiri kwambiri: holography - njira luso kuti amalola "umboni" maonekedwe a chinthu; zikhoza kukuthandizani kupeza chifano atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena kuti zikuwoneka ngati chinthu chenicheni; ntchito lasers wakhala kwambiri chifukwa chitukuko.

Holography ndi tanthauzo lake

holography kuphunzira zimathandiza kulongosolera ambiri nkhani kugwirizana ndi kujambula ochiritsira. Monga luso chabwino atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena fano ngakhale ndikutsutsa comaliza, chifukwa timatha kuganizira dziko molondola kwambiri ndipo molondola.

Asayansi zina zimatulutsa nyengo m'mbiri ya anthu kupyolera mwa kulankhulana, zomwe zinali kudziwika zaka mazana ena. Mungathe kunena kuti, mwachitsanzo, wa alipo mu hieroglyphics wakale wa Egypt, anatulukira mu 1450 wa osindikizira. Mogwirizana ndi anaona masiku ano patsogolo luso, njira yatsopano kulankhulana, monga TV komanso matelefoni, anali ndi udindo lalikulu. Ngakhale mfundo holographic akadali mu Chiyambi chake pankhani ntchito pa TV, pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti chipangizo ofotokoza adzatha m'malo njira zodziwika kulankhulana m'tsogolo, kapena kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito yawo.

Yopeka mabuku ndi atolankhani zotchuka ankafotokozedwa holography mu zolakwika, molakwika kuwala. Kawirikawiri kulenga molakwa njira imeneyi. Atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena image, pakuti nthawi yoyamba, chidwi. Koma palibe kupatula chidwi ndi malongosoledwe thupi za mfundo zipangizo zake.

Chitsanzo kulowelera

amatha kuona zinthu zochokera chakuti mafunde kuwala ndi refracted kapena anasonyeza kwa iwo, kulowa maso athu. Kuwala kwa chinthu yodziwika ndi mawonekedwe funde la yoweyula kutsogolo lolingana mawonekedwe a chinthu. Chithunzi cha mdima ndi kuunika mikwingwirima (kapena mizere) kukhazikitsa magulu awiri mafunde coherent kuwunika kusokoneza. Izi ndipamene buku holography. The n'kupanga deta pa nkhani iliyonse amapanga osakaniza kuti zimatengera yekha pa mawonekedwe a wavefronts mafunde amene kucheza ndi mzake. Chotero chithunzi amatchedwa kusokonezedwa. Iwo akhoza mapulani Mwachitsanzo, mbale Zithunzi, ngati inu nachiyika pa malo pali yoweyula kusokonezedwa.

The zosiyanasiyana holograms

Njira amalola kuti alembe (kulembetsa) zimaonekera pa chinthu yoweyula kutsogolo, ndiyeno kukubwezerani kuti wowerenga kumva zimene amaona chinthu chenicheni, ndipo holography. Amenewa, lomwe ndi chifukwa chakuti chifanizo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena analandira pamlingo monga chinthu chenicheni.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya holograms, amene n'zosavuta kuti kukhumuditsidwa. Pofuna kudziwa ichi kapena mtundu, ayenera kudyedwa adjectives anayi kapena asanu. Kuyambira waika awo onse, timaona makalasi zosavuta zokha kuti amagwiritsa holography ano. Komabe, choyamba muyenera kulankhula pang'ono za zodabwitsazi funde la mapindidwe akuwala. Kuti amatilola kupanga (kapena m'malo m'maulendo ake) za wavefront.

mapindidwe akuwala

Ngati chinthu ndi mu njira ya kuwala, atulutsa mthunzi. Kuwala anaŵerama mozungulira chinthu, akubwera mwina mu dera mthunzi. Amenewa amatchedwa mapindidwe akuwala. Iye chifukwa yoweyula chikhalidwe cha kuwala, koma kufotokoza ndi kovuta kuti mosamalitsa.

Only mu ngodya ochepa kuwala likulowerera mu dera mthunzi, kotero ife pafupifupi osaganizira izo. Komabe, ngati pali kuchuluka kwa mavuto ang'onoang'ono, mtunda wa pakati pa zimene zimapanga chabe amayesetsa ochepa a yoweyula kuwala pa njira yake, amenewa amakhala noticeable ndithu.

Ngati kugwa kwa wavefront zinagwera ikhale lalikulu limodzi, "kugwa" gawo zogwirizana, kuti sikumangotikhudza m'dera otsala wavefront lapansi. Ngati pali zambiri mavuto ang'onoang'ono njira yake, ndi kusinthidwa ndi mapindidwe akuwala kuti kufalitsa kuwala chotchinga adzakhala ndi qualitatively osiyana yoweyula kutsogolo.

Kusintha ndi wamphamvu kwambiri moti ngakhale kuwala uyamba kufalikira mu njira zina. Iwo likukhalira kuti mapindidwe akuwala amatilola kuti atembenuke ndi wavefront choyambirira mu osiyana kwambiri ndi izo. Choncho, mapindidwe akuwala - limagwirira imene tipeze wavefront latsopano. chipangizo tafotokozazi ndi analipanga, amatchedwa ndi mapindidwe akuwala grating. Ife angakuuzeni zambiri za izo.

mapindidwe akuwala grating

Izi ndi mbale zing'onozing'ono ndi waikamo adalira woonda kufanana zikwapu molunjika (mizere). Iwo spaced popanda ndi zana kapena masauzande a millimeter a. Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani ngati laser mtengo pa njira yake likukwaniritsa gululi chomwe angapo chachilengulengu mdima ndi kowala magulu? Gawo la izo ndidzadutsa mwachindunji kupyolera mipiringidzo, ndi ena - azipiringa. Choncho anapanga matabwa awiri watsopano umene kuchoka pa grating pa njira zina za mtengo choyambirira ndipo zili mbali zonse za izo. Ngati wina ali ndi laser mtengo Mwachitsanzo, ndege wavefront, awiri anapanga ndi mbali ya mtanda watsopano nawonso ndi wavefronts planar. Choncho, kudutsa ndi mapindidwe akuwala grating laser mtengo, ife kupanga awiri latsopano funde amadzibisa (lathyathyathya). Zikuoneka kuti mapindidwe akuwala grating mukhoza kutengedwa ngati chitsanzo zosavuta hologram a.

hologram Register

Ankadziwa zoyamba za holography ayenera kuyamba ndi kuphunzira awiri amadzibisa ndege yoweyula. Zimavuta, iwo kupanga kusokonezedwa chitsanzo, zomwe zalembedwa pa anayikidwa mu malo panali nsalu yotchinga, Zithunzi mbale. Mbali imeneyi ya ndondomekoyi (woyamba) mu holography amatchedwa umboni (kapena kujambula) wa hologram lapansi.

Bwezerani chifaniziro

Tingayerekezere kuti munthu mafunde ndege - A, ndipo chachiwiri - V. Ndicho Buku yoweyula, ndi B - phunziro, kuti zimaonekera pa chinthu amene fano liri lokhazikika. Iwo akhoza ayi isiyana ndi funde kutchulidwa. Komabe, pamene kulenga hologram aumbike atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena weniweni chinthu kwambiri zovuta kwambiri wavefront kuwala anasonyeza kwa chinthu.

The kusokonezedwa chitsanzo, anapereka pa filimu Zithunzi (ie, fano la grating a) - uyu ndi hologram. Iwo akhoza adzaikidwa mu njira ya Buku mtengo chachikulu (laser mtengo ndi ndege wavefront). Pankhaniyi, mbali zonse anapanga 2 latsopano funde kutsogolo. The oyamba ndi buku lenileni la chinthu yoweyula kutsogolo limene propagates mbali imodzi monga funde W. Chinthu pamwamba amatchedwa fano ankamangidwanso.

The ndondomeko holographic

The kusokonezedwa chitsanzo, amene analengedwa ndi ndege ziwiri coherent mafunde ndi pambuyo Polemba pa mbale Zithunzi ndi chipangizo kulola kuti achire ena ndege yoweyula zounikira pa nkhani ya munthu mafunde awa. The ndondomeko holographic Umo ndimo zinthu zotsatirazi: kulembetsa ndi wotsatira "yosungirako" wa yoweyula pamaso pa cholinga mu mawonekedwe a hologram (kusokonezedwa chitsanzo) ndi reconstitution ake nthawi ina iliyonse pambuyo ndimeyi mwa hologram Buku yoweyula.

Mutu wavefront atha kukhala iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, zimaonekera ku chinthu chenicheni, pamene ngati ndi coherent Buku yoweyula. Popangidwa ndi wavefronts ziwiri ndi Mgwirizano, ndi kuwasokoneza chitsanzo - izi ndi chipangizo kuti amalola kutembenuza chifukwa mapindidwe akuwala mmodzi wa amadzibisa amenewa ena. Izi kumene makiyi chobisika kwa chodabwitsa holography. Dennis Gabor woyamba anatulukira chuma ichi.

Chithunzi kuonerera kwaiye hologram ndi

Mu nthawi yathu, anayamba ntchito chipangizo wapadera kuwerenga holograms - holographic purojekitala. Iwo amalola kutembenuza fano kwa lupanga atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena. Komabe, kuona hologram yosavuta, holographic purojekitala si chofunika. Mwachidule mmene kuthana ndi zithunzi zimenezo.

Kusunga pulayimale hologram chithunzi aumbike, m'pofunika kuziyika izo pa mtunda wa 1 mita kwa diso. Kudzera mapindidwe akuwala grating ayenera kuyang'ana malangizo imene mafunde ndege (kubwezeretsedwa) akutuluka izo. Choncho bwinobwino mmene mafunde ndege kulowa pa diso la amatsata, ndi fano holographic ndi lathyathyathya. Zikuoneka kuti ife monga ngati "khoma akusowekapo" kuti wogawana zounikira kuwala ndi mtundu mofanana chogwirizana laser. Popeza zizindikiro zenizeni ichi "Wall" akapanda, ndi kovuta kudziwa momwe ziriri. Zimaoneka ngati inu muyang'ana pa ili pa osawerengeka pa makoma, koma inu mukhoza kuwona mbali chabe ya izo, zomwe ndi zotheka kuti amuone kupyolera yaing'ono "zenera" kuti ndi hologram. Choncho, hologram - ndi wogawana aunika pamwamba pa zomwe sitingathe kuona chilichonse kuchilingalira.

The mapindidwe akuwala grating (hologram) amatilola kusunga zotsatira zingapo zosavuta. Iwo angasonyeze ntchito holograms ndi mtundu wina. Adapyola mapindidwe akuwala grating, mtengo kuwala kugawanika n'kupanga awiri mtanda watsopano. Kugwiritsa laser matabwa akhoza kutithandiza aliyense grating mapindidwe akuwala. cheza ayenera mumtundu kuchokera ntchito kujambula ake. Mbali ya kupinda mtundu mtengo zimadalira mtundu wanji ali nazo. Ngati ndi wofiira (kuleza timaganiza), chotero mtengo akuyesetsa pa ngodya kuposa mtengo buluu, amene ali timaganiza zazing'ono.

Kudzera grating akhoza kudumpha chisakanizo cha mitundu yonse, mwachitsanzo woyera. Pankhaniyi, aliyense mtundu zikuluzikulu za hologram ndi anaŵerama pansi ngodya zake. Pa sipekitiramu linanena bungwe aumbike ofanana ndi prism analenga.

Malo a mizere grating

Mkwapulo wa grating ayenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake kuti Zinaonekeratu kupinda kunyezimira kuwala. Mwachitsanzo, ku kupindika mtanda wofiira ndi 20 ° m'pofunika kuti mtunda pakati pa grooves si upambana 0,002 mm. Ngati amaika kwambiri, kunafika muuni wa kuwala kuyamba maondo kwambiri. Kuti "kulemba" anapatsidwa latisi mbale chofunika, amene akhoza kulemba mbali woonda. Komanso, m'pofunika mbale mu ndondomeko kukhudzana ndi anakhalabe kwathunthu ima pa kulembetsa.

Chithunzi akhoza topaka kwambiri ngakhale pa gulu pang'ono, moti zingakhale osiyana kotheratu. Pankhaniyi, tikuona chitsanzo kuwasokoneza, basi mbale galasi padziko lonse uniformly wakuda kapena imvi. Kumene, mu nkhani iyi, sadzakhala kusewera zotsatira mapindidwe akuwala kwaiye ndi mapindidwe akuwala grating.

Transmissive ndi chimawala hologram

Ife apenda mapindidwe akuwala grating amatchedwa kuti kufala, chifukwa amachita mu kuwala kudutsa izo. Ngati chifukwa cha mzere latisi si pa mbale mandala, ndi pamwamba pa galasi, ife kupeza mapindidwe akuwala grating reflectivity. Izo zimanyezimiritsa kuwala kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Choncho, pali makalasi awiri yotakata holograms - Kuganizira ndi transmissive. Choyamba anati mu kuwala, ndipo chachiwiri - mu m'kupita.