India, "Kudankulam" (NPP): kufotokoza, mbiri ndi makhalidwe

NPP "Kudankulam" (India), ntchito malonda unit loyamba limene linayamba December 31, 2013, anali zaka 26 mu gawo kapangidwe ndi kumanga, ndipo anayima miyezi isanu ndi anatseka misewu ndi zionetsero, kukhala dziko lonse mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu.

mbiri yosatha

Pali ntchito ya zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, anatambasula kwanthawizonse, "Kudankulam" - mphamvu za nyukiliya Mmera wonse, umene ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwa mmodzi wa iwo. Choncho n'chifukwa chiyani zinapatsidwa kwa pachikhatho cha? Ndi ofunika kuchita osachepera chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha mavuto amene siteshoni anakwanitsa kuthetsa. Development wa unit poyamba mu 1988, koma ntchito ya lidakalipobe kugwa Soviet Union, ziletso lonse, wosatha zopinga malamulo, komanso zionetsero m'deralo, nthawi ya kusintha mu ochita zionetsero. "Kudankulam" - mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera kudziwika kwa mbewu yake yoyamba ano anamanga ku India ntchito luso lina.

Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1974, pamene bomba la atomiki anayesedwa mu dziko, mpaka 2008, India sankandilola malonda luso nyukiliya padziko lonse mogwirizana ndi Pangano pa Non-kuchuluka kwa zida, imene sanagwirizane. mayesero zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa katundu nyukiliya Gulu (NSG) - thupi ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ambiri a mphamvu ya nyukiliya wa dziko, amene analengedwa kuti kuyan'ana malonda a umisiri nyukiliya, nkhondo ndi anthu wamba.

kusowa mphamvu

M'nkhani ya chiletso chithandizo yachilendo India anakakamizika ntchito zomwe a Russian makampani mphamvu za nyukiliya. The kuchotserapo yekha anali muyezo awiri pa Tarapur anamanga General Zamagetsi mu 1969, ndipo enanso awiri CANDU mu Rajasthan, yomanga imene yaikidwa mu 1970 oyambirira. Onse NPP ntchito pa ureniamu kunja pansi pa ulamuliro wa bungwe la International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

16 mathanki ena India, anayamba mu nyumba ndi ntchito pa madzi katundu. Limited nkhokwe ureniamu m'dziko akhala mavuto zonse ndi mwa kundipatsako mafuta a m'dera nyukiliya magetsi. Kunali koyenera kukhala ndi luso mafuta processing, komanso kukhazikitsa dongosolo yaitali ntchito nkhokwe thorium lalikulu - pafupifupi 13% ya madipoziti kudziwika elementi mankhwala ndi mu India.

Mavuto mu chitukuko cha mphamvu nyukiliya (mathanki onse a dziko ndi mphamvu 202 MW kapena zochepa) yokakamiza utsogoleri wake kuti afunefune njira circumvent ziletso lonse. The chifukwa chakuti njira izi anali "Kudankulam".

unlucky ntchito

Mu November 1988, nduna Radzhiv Gandi ndi Mikhail Gorbachev anasaina mgwilizano kumanga awiri turnkey mphamvu za nyukiliya mayunitsi mu Tamil Nadu ndi Soviet VVER riyakitala. USSR anali kumanga siteshoni ndi kuonetsetsa mafuta omwe akanati anabwerera pambuyo chitukuko.

Koma ntchitoyi anakumana ndi mavuto geopolitical, chifukwa Soviet Union mu 1988 layamba kutha. Chaka chotsatira, mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya anali akulamulidwa Soviet, kuteteza ufulu wawo ndiponso ndinathetsa Soviet Union palokha mu 1991. Ngakhale Russia anatengera USSR udindo pansi pangano pa "Kudankulam" NPP, mavuto a zachuma amene chinapululutsa Russia cha mma 1990, mu nthawi ya pakati pa 1990 ndi 1995 yafupika ndalama zake ndi 50%, kutanthauza kuti linalephera kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchitoyo. Mkangano Russia ndi India pankhani imeneyi kwachititsa kuchedwa patsogolo mu kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi. Unikani ndi NSG mgwirizano mu 1992 mavuto zina monga United States ananena kuti ntchito sanali kutsatila malamulo atsopano. Various Indian akuluakulu pa nthawi amanenela atafa kale.

mphepo yachiwiri

Koma mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu ntchito mu India "Kudankulam" anauka kwa phulusa pansi pa moyo mosayembekezeka. Kusagwirizana ndi Pakistan mu 1998 zinachititsa kuti mndandanda wa mayesero motsatizana nyukiliya, zimene zinachititsa kuti chiweruzo ambiri padziko lonse ndipo ziletso.

Komabe, m'mwezi wa Russia waganiza kutsitsimutsa ntchito ya pangano latsopano, yolembedwa mu June 1998. "Kudankulam" NPP Malamulo Development kupereka kwa kapangidwe ndi pomanga Russian boma kampani "Atomstroyexport" awiri 1000 MW VVER-1000 kuwala madzi mathanki, ndi India Mphamvu nyukiliya Corp. (NPCI) kuimba udindo wa amatsata patsogolo ntchito. tagwirizana ndi pafupifupi $ biliyoni 2.8, pamene Russia amapereka yaitali ngongole ya rupees biliyoni 64,16. Pangano latsopano anaperekanso India lamanja pokonza mafuta anakhala ngati "Atomstroyexport" azapatsa mwayi wotero.

Quick chiyambi

Zomangamanga, Akuzigwira yaikulu Indian kampani Larsen & Toubro, inayamba mu March 2002. Mosiyana ndi ogwira ntchito zofanana, "Atomstroyexport", malo panafika akatswiri ochepa Russian. Pafupifupi ntchito zonse kunachitika ndi Makampani m'dera ndi akatswiri. Poyamba, ali zikuonetsa tonse kuti pamalowo zikakwaniritsidwa patsogolo ndandanda mu December 2007. Pa mlingo uwu, yomanga anapita mpaka 2004. Thandizo ndi ntchito yoperekera zigawo zikuluzikulu yolemera pa chiyambi cha 2004, inamangidwa pafupi doko, amene amaloledwa kuwakokera zida lalikulu mwachindunji pa Bwato kuti zombo waponya nangula pafupi.

Koma sanathe mayendedwe kudya.

zopinga zambiri

Vuto loyamba anayamba ndi kuchedwa mu yobereka zida ndi zitsulo za galimoto Russia, komanso zokhudza mapulani makonzedwe. Unachititsa slowdown zomangamanga, ndipo pamapeto pachaka ndandanda kuchedwa. The nyumba yaikulu pa mphamvu woyamba wagawo inatha mu 2010, ndipo mu July anayamba kuyezetsa ake ndi katundu chidude wa mafuta. Posakhalitsa, polojekiti anathamangira ku zina, mavuto aakulu kwambiri - kwenikweni.

Ngakhale kuchepa kwambiri magetsi m'chigawo cha Tamil Nadu, nyumba otsutsa anayamba kukula pamene tikuyandikira mapeto ake. Anthu a Movement Against nyukiliya Energy (PMANE), ndi mgwirizano wa anthu a m'midzi yozungulira ndi asodzi mu 2011, pambuyo tsoka March pa nyukiliya magetsi "Fukushima-1" mu Japan anayamba kukwiyira ndi siteshoni. Gombe la Tamil Nadu kugundidwa ndi tsunami mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean mu 2004, sparking mantha kubwereza kwa tsoka Japanese.

kutsekereza NPP

Mu September, pamaso pa inakonzedwa m'dzinja la woyamba mafuta potsegula ndi kuyambira mu December, anayamba kupeza malo a zomangamanga. September 22 nduna za Atumiki a State zapita chikalata udzafunidwa kuyimitsidwa ntchito zonse kulongosolerana nkhawa za chitetezo cha mbewu.

Mpaka March chaka chotsatira, zionetsero zapita palibe ogwira ntchito oposa 50 pa kosangalatsa, kupanga n'zosatheka ntchito bwinobwino. chiwerengero cha zionetserowo nthawi anafika zikwi zingapo.

Launch wa gawo loyamba

Zionetsero akhala kuonongedwa ndi mavuto mphamvu boma m'chaka cha chaka chamawa, kusowa mphamvu chifukwa 4 GW. Kuopseza midima nduna linasintha maganizo ake m'mbuyomu kuti akaitane kutumidwa othamanga wa nyukiliya magetsi "Kudankulam". mphamvu za nyukiliya Komabe, nawo mlanduwo, ngakhale chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu September 2012, wakanidwa ndi kutsekereza potsegula wa mafuta nyukiliya.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ife itakula pokwiya siteshoni, nthawi zina kutembenukira chiwawa, yomwe inkafuna pamaso pa zikwi apolisi kuti ateteze siteshoni. The mlandu ndi nyukiliya magetsi sanali anamaliza mpaka May 2013, pamene Khoti Lalikulu potsiriza anabalalitsa choncho. Komabe, akuchedwa chifukwa zionetsero mavuto zomangamanga, kuchuluka mtengo wa ntchito pa $ 1 biliyoni.

Chipika woyamba kuyambira nambala 1 mu July 2013 Low-mphamvu kuyezetsa anapitiriza m'miyezi yotsatira, ndi 100% mphamvu wagawo unayambitsidwa June 9. malonda a mphamvu za nyukiliya anayamba December 21, 2014 kuphunzitsa ndodo ya NPP "Kudankulam" (India) "Atomtekhenergo".

gigawatts yachiwiri

Wachiwiri "Kudankulam" NPP ndi mphamvu 1000 MW unayambitsidwa pa July 10, 2016. Iye anakhala 22 TH nyukiliya riyakitala ku India ndi wachiwiri madzi otentha kwambiri.

Pambuyo pake, pasanathe masiku 45 ulamuliro ikuyambitsa wagawo anayamba kutulutsa 400 MW magetsi, ndipo mu August anali olumikizidwa kwa maukonde. Generation magetsi pang'onopang'ono zomwe 500, 750, 900 ndi 1000 MW. Pambuyo kuwonjezera 1,000 MW mu gawo lachiwiri la maukonde kum'mwera kwa mphamvu anaika a mphamvu za nyukiliya ku India zingawonjezere kuchokera panopa 5780 ndi 6780 MW.

Malinga NPCIL, ngati bomba loyamba zinachitika zimaonetsa dongosolo motsata kuwerengetsa zonse muyezo ndi kugwilizana ndi zofunika zotchulidwa malamulo a Bungwe la nyukiliya zolimbana (AERB).

NPCIL limanena kuti "Kudankulam" - mphamvu za nyukiliya Mmera wonse, umene uli mbali zosiyanasiyana patsogolo chitetezo, zogwirizana ndi miyezo lonse. Mathanki Generation III + kuphatikiza machitidwe udakali chabe chitetezo monga chabe dongosolo kutentha kuchotsa, recombiners wa hydrogen, pakati misampha migolo ndipo mofulumira dongosolo boron jekeseni.

ziyembekezo misty

"Kudankulam" NPP kutumidwa ya Gawo lachiwiri inyamuka kwa oyambirira 2017, nkhani kuti kupitiriza kwa mgwirizano pakati pa India ndi Russia, angathe kuti mayunitsi 6-8. Kudutsa dziko anaganiza zomanga 20 mathanki amenewa.

Mgwirizano pa mayunitsi wachitatu ndi wachinayi yosainidwa mu April 2014 chifukwa Uwerenge biliyoni 330 rupees ($ 5.5 biliyoni). kukhazikitsa yachedwetsedwa chifukwa sanali kugwilizana ndi chilamulo mu 2010 pa Civil udindo Kuwononga nyukiliya, omwe kumamukhazuka NPCI Umafuna chipukuta misozi kuchokera katundu zomera mwambo ngozi chifukwa cha zida wolakwika.

Izi udindo angathe kukhumudwitsa makampani akunja akuyesera kuchita malonda mu India, ngakhale pangano kuyambira mu 2008, a NSG, amene anatsegula dziko la malonda a zida za nyukiliya.

Osanyengelera njira

Nkhani pakati pa India ndi Russian "Rosatom", umene unatha zaka zinayi, anakonza chimango kupitiriza ndikupeleka. Kufikira tsopano, Russia ndi dziko yekha kuti wafika pangano, chimene Indian boma akumeneko inshuwalansi kampani General Insurance Co. adzakhala kupenda aliyense zikuluzikulu za makina amene, nafunafuna zaka 20 inshuwalansi umafunika kuti kuphimba kumawononga angathe. Mtengo wa mayunitsi watsopano mphamvu cholinga kusonyeza njira imeneyi latsopano.

Oonetsetsa samakhulupirira kuti izi mapulani wofuna kukubereka, monga mafunso zimene zimapezeka boma Indian ndi milandu, ndi ndale mwina sachedwa ndi kutumizgika luso nyukiliya. Komabe, kupambana "Kudankulam" NPP ndi chifukwa chidaliro mu gawo mphamvu za dziko ndi akusowa mphamvu nyukiliya.