Kalekale mu chingelezi: ulamuliro wa kulemba ndi ntchito

Kalekale - zakale izi kalekale, lomwe limatchedwanso Zakale Zambiri (yosavuta zakale). Izo ntchito kusonyeza kapena wachita kuti azichita zinthu m'mbuyomu. Nthawi ntchito ziganizo declarative, atakhala apo zinachitika kale ndi mayiko.

Mapangidwe nthawi yosavuta m'mbuyomu amafuna ophunzira kuti chidziwitso cha zitatu mitundu ya mneni: ndi Infinitive (a infinitive mtundu wa mneni, amene mosavuta anazindikira mwa tinthu kuti), kalekale (mawonekedwe a m'mbuyomu mpaka kalekale) ndi Participle Zakale (zapitazi participle).

Zonse ndi osasamba kasewenzetsedwe ka mau (zonse ndi osasamba kasewenzetsedwe ka mau)

Malinga ndi mmene kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kukhazikitsa kalekale Zakale Participle, iwo anawagawa m'magulu awiri: wokhazikika ndi osasamba. Popeza English ali ndi vuto wosalira zambiri, kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ambiri amanena kuti gulu zolondola. Palinso kasewenzetsedwe ka mau amene onse njira yolondola ndi lolakwika Akale Zambiri ndi Zakale Participle:

aziwerenga - alembedwa - walembedwa (zolondola) kapena aziwerenga - alembedwa - walembedwa (zolakwika)

kutidzutsa - nadzandidzutsa - nadzandidzutsa (zolondola) kapena kudzuka - ndinadzuka - woken (zolakwika)

Kambirimbiri kasewenzetsedwe ka mau osasamba ndi matebulo wapadera, iwo ayenera kuloweza. Cheke ayenera kumasulira dictionary, galamafoniyo ndi gulu limene adzaupereka kasewenzetsedwe ka mau pamene anakumana ndi mneni latsopano: izo ziri zolondola kapena zolakwika.

Kalekale mantha. The Education inde mawonekedwe kasewenzetsedwe ka mau zonse

kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kwambiri English ndi gulu la kumanja ndi kupanga zinachitika kale za mfundo. Mapangidwe mawonekedwe inde kalekale yomangika kasewenzetsedwe ka mau zonse kwa infinitive mawonekedwe tinthu kuti zidzawonjezedwa popanda -ed.

• utsi - Iye kusuta chaka chatha (iye kusuta mu chaka chatha).
• kumpsompsona - Mary nampsompsona chidole ake n'kutseka chitseko pang'ono mu dollhouse (Bakuman chidole chipsompsono n'kutseka chitseko ka dollhouse a).
• kutsegula - Ife anatsegula zenera dzulo (dzulo tinatsegula zenera).
• kuyeretsa - Ophunzira kutsukidwa zipinda sabata yatha (Ophunzira kutsukidwa zipinda sabata yatha).

Katchulidwe - Mkonzi

• -ed pambuyo phokoso unvoiced kutchulidwa monga [T] - ntchito, yophika, Kwatha;
• pambuyo phokoso T, anthu d - monga [ID] - itatha, anayamba;
• pambuyo pa liu lina (mavawelo ndi anafuulira) monga [D] - anasintha, kuyeretsa, anafika.

Pamene -ed anawonjezera kuti infinitive mtundu wa mneni amene, zotsatirazi akuti:

• Ngati mneni itha -e chete, kungowonjezera -d.

kutseka - anatseka (pafupi)

kukonda - anakonda (chikondi)

• Mapeto kusintha -y kuti -i, ngati n'koyenera pamaso pa -y consonant.

kuyesa - anayetsetsa (yesani, yesani)

kulira - adafuwula (kulira)

• Ngati -y ndi za mawu Ndiye anawonjezera -ed sichinasinthe.

kusewera - ankaimba (kusewera)

kumvera - anamvera (mvetserani)

• Mu kasewenzetsedwe ka mau monosyllabic ndi yochepa za mawu consonant ndi kawiri.

kusiya - anasiya (amasiya)

kulanda - mundilanda (kulanda)

• Ngati mneni maganizo ziwiri syllable imagwera pa syllable chachiwiri ndi yochepa za mawu, consonant komanso kawiri.

kulola - amaloledwa (chilolezo)

kusankha - adalipo (ena)

• Mapeto -l ndi kawiri mu malamulo kalembedwe British, ndipo mu nkhani iyi ndi zofunika kwambiri kukhala wofunika.

kuyenda - anayenda (kuyenda)

kuletsa - zimafika (chochotsa)

malamulo maphunziro likamanena inde a kasewenzetsedwe ka mau osasamba

Kupanga kalekale kasewenzetsedwe ka mau osasamba palibe malamulo ngati ali kusunga mbali mbiri mapangidwe. Kukhala kosavuta kuloweza kasewenzetsedwe ka mau osasamba, iwo anawagawa m'magulu angapo, malinga ndi njira imene kupanga njira ziwiri izi.

• Kusintha muzu za mawu (kukumba - anakumba - anakumba, kukumana - anakumana - anakumana, kumwa - kumwa - ataledzera).

Ana mwanzache awo dzulo. Ana mwanzache wanga dzulo.

• Mapeto a infinitives (kukhotetsa - wopindidwa - wopindidwa, kumanga - anamanga - anamanga).

atate wanga anamanga nyumba mu 1980. Bambo anga nyumba ino mu 1980.

• Kuyika mathero ena (osati -ed) ndi kusintha kwa muzu za mawu (kugwa - anagwa - wagwa).

Chachikulu kugwa kwa miyala yochokera anagwa usiku watha. A kugwa kwa miyala yochokera yaikulu anagwa sabata yatha.

• Ena kasewenzetsedwe ka mau sasintha, iwo kukhala yemweyo m'njira zonse zitatu (kuika - kuika - kuika).

Ine kuika bukhu pa shelufu dzulo. Ine kuika bukhu pa shelufu dzulo.

Education interrogative mawonekedwe

mawonekedwe Interrogative akuwagwiritsa ntchito (mu kalekale - anachita) mneni, umene amapereka kwa nkhaniyi.

• Kodi kusewera tenisi otsiriza chilimwe? Inu ankaimba tennis otsiriza chilimwe?
• Kodi iye maphunziro a University mu 2000? Iye maphunziro yunivesite mu 2000?
• Kodi tidzakomane zaka ziwiri zapitazo? Tinakumana zaka ziwiri zapitazo?

Ntchito mneni wothandiza chiyani salinso amafuna kanthu ku mneni zamalankhulidwe. Sitikudziwa kuwonjezera - dwa kuti mneni lolondola ndi Musatembenukire kwa tebulo la kasewenzetsedwe ka mau osasamba. Kodi maonekedwe ntchito mu chimodzi ndi mochulukitsa kwa anthu onse.

Education mawonekedwe oipa

Wothandiza mneni sanatero ndi tinthu ntchito kupanga mawonekedwe oipa kalekale mantha.

• mphunzitsi wathu sanafotokoze kalembedwe ka a adjectives. mphunzitsi wathu sanafotokoze malamulo a kalembedwe wa adjectives.
• Iye sanali kumwa khofi dzulo. Iye sanali kumwa khofi dzulo.
• Iwo sanali kuphunzira otsiriza yozizira. Iwo sanali kuphunzira otsiriza yozizira.

Colloquially ntchito yochepa zoipa mawonekedwe sanatero.

Sindinkafuna penyani TV dzulo. Dzulo ine sindinali TV.

The yochepa yankho mafunso anthu onse mmodzi ndi makanema ntchito inde - Inde, ine ndinatero, ndi zoipa - Ayi, ine sindinatero.

Kodi inu munapita ku sukulu dzulo? Inde, ine did./No, ine sindinatero. Dzulo unapita kusukulu? Inde / No.

Mneni kuti zinachitika kale

Mneni kukhala ndi wothandiza mneni ndi mneni-mtolo kwa udindo wake mu maganizo ndi momveka. Ali kupanga kanthawi zamalankhulidwe mneni mitundu ndi kupanga gulu mwadzina mkhalidwe.

Mapangidwe mitundu interrogative ndi zoipa mneni kuti si ntchito mneni wothandiza kuchita.

• Iye anali mu ofesi dzulo? Iye anali mu ofesi dzulo?
• Anali mayi anu kubanki masiku awiri apitawo? mayi anu anali banki masiku awiri apitawo?
• Iye sanali pa chipani sabata yatha. Iye sanali pa chipani sabata yatha.

Mneni kukhala ndi mochulukitsa kalekale. Malamulo a ntchito zotsatilazi: ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi woyamba, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu munthu mochulukitsa (ife - ife, inu - inu, iwo - iwo ali).

• Iwo anali pa ntchito Lamlungu lathali? Iwo anali pa ntchito Lamlungu lathali?
• Sitinathe mu ofesi sabata yatha. Sitinathe mu ofesi sabata yatha.

Colloquially ntchito yochepa verebu zinachitika kale: sanali, ndipo sanali.

Pamene ntchito kalekale? Malamulo ndi zitsanzo

• Zakale Zambiri ntchito kufotokoza kanthu kale zizindikiro nthawi: dzulo, Lolemba lapitali, masabata atatu apitawo, chaka chapitacho, mu 2001.

Tinkayenda agogo ake dzulo. Tinapita ku agogo ake dzulo.

• Ifenso ntchito Zakale Zambiri, pamene funso la nthawi ndi funso mawu pamene.

Kodi ndi liti pamene inu pitani agogo ake? Pamene munali agogo ake?

• Kalekale ntchito nthawi si ananenera, koma amaganiza kuti watha ntchito.

SAW mwamuna kamodzi kujambula wanga wa Amy Winehouse. mwamuna wanga kamodzi anaona Emi Vaynhaus (Popeza woimba anafa ndi mwamuna wake sadzatha kuziwona izo, ife ntchito kalekale Amalalikira).

• Komanso, m'mbuyomu chabe ntchito mu mzera chachikulu ndi kulankhula mwachindunji. Ndipo mapangidwe kulankhula mozungulira mu mzera wamng'ono sangathe ntchito m'tsogolo yomangika moyenera, chasandulika Tsogolo yamuyaya Zakale kapena zina gulu Tsogolo-mu--Zakale, malingana ndi mtundu wanji wa m'tsogolo anamugwiritsa ntchito maganizo pachiyambi.

Iye anauzidwa kuti: "Mr Smith adzatumiza kalata."

Iye anauza Mr Smith adzatumiza kalata. Iye ananena kuti Bambo Brown adzatumiza kalata.

• Pamene tikukamba za zochita zapitazi kabwerebwere kapena chosatha, timagwiritsa ntchito kalekale. Kagwilitsidwe Nchito zofanana ntchito ndi akanati pansipa.

mlongo wake nthawi zonse zimakhala ambulera pang'ono. mlongo wake nthawi zonse yatengedwa ambulera yaing'ono.

Koma nthawi zambiri milandu, ndi ntchito.

mlongo wake ntchito kunyamula ambulera pang'ono. mlongo ake anakwaniritsa ambulera yaing'ono.

Pamene ntchito ntchito kutembenukira mu English?

pamodzi ndi nthawi yapita ntchito kukhota ntchito posonyeza zochita kabwerebwere kapena mobwerezabwereza kapena zochitika m'mbuyomu. Mapulani ntchito chinenero colloquial ndi zolembalemba. The zolowa ntchito posonyeza onse boma ndi zochita mobwerezabwereza m'mbuyomu, monga kuyenera lina lofanana kale za liwu Kodi, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza zochita m'mbuyomu ndi ntchito konse states wa kulankhula.

Mzanga ntchito kumwa makapu 3 khofi ndi utsi wa ndudu 20 patsiku. mnzanga kamodzi kumwa makapu atatu a khofi ndiponso kusuta ndudu makumi awiri ndi tsiku.

agogo anga ankakonda kuyenda makilomita khumi pamene anali wamng'ono (Action zinachitika kale). agogo anga kuyenda makilomita khumi, pamene ndinali wamng'ono.

agogo anga kuyenda kilimeters khumi pamene anali wamng'ono (Action zinachitika kale). agogo anga anapita ku makilomita khumi, pamene ndinali wamng'ono.

Aphunzitsi anga ankakhala moyo mu London (udindo zinachitika kale). Aphunzitsi anga ankakhala ku London.

Tikumbukenso kuti kodi + Infinitive popanda particles nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mawu osonyeza nthawi ya zochitika.

Inde, zonyoza ndi interrogative mawonekedwe ntchito kutembenukira

Kupanga inde mawonekedwe zolowa ntchito ntchito mneni zinachitika kale kuti tinthu ndi kwa infinitive mawonekedwe a mphamvu mneni.

mwana wanga ankakonda kusewera Chess Lamlungu. mwana wanga anali kusewera Chess Lamlungu (Tsopano Lamlungu silimasewera Chess, ndipo amapita ku mpira kapena kanyenya).

Mawonekedwe oipa aumbike mwa kodi mneni m'mbuyomu particles mantha ndiponso ayi. Mneni ntchito - mu pakali pano, kuyambira mawonekedwe anachita kale chizindikiro za kale. M'mawu colloquial kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito yochepa mawonekedwe kukana.

mphunzitsi wathu sanagwiritse ntchito kutipatsa kwambiri homuweki / mphunzitsi wathu sanagwiritse ntchito kutipatsa kwambiri kuwerenga. mphunzitsi wathu sanauze ife kwambiri kuwerenga.

Kupanga mtundu voprositelnoy amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuchita mneni zinachitika kale.

Kodi iye ntchito embroider madzulo? Iye nsalu madzulo?

Phunziro la mtundu zosatha ya kalekale ndi zofanana awo ayenera kuperekedwa chifukwa chidwi, monga iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito mu chinenero olankhulidwa ndi olembedwa ofanana ndi malonda English.