Kukhazikitsidwa kwa US-Soviet zamtendere asapita: makhalidwe, mbiri ndi zotsatira

Pambuyo utasintha cha 1917 America sanafune kuvomereza kuti boma la Soviet Union. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa asapita US-Soviet zamtendere anayamba chifukwa ubale malonda, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1930. A mbali yofunika kwambiri normalization wa mogwirizana ndi a oimira mabwalo malonda American. Iwo anali kwenikweni chidwi kukhazikitsa zikulumikizana zachuma.

Mbiri ubale zamtendere pakati pa USSR (Russia) ndi USA

Mu 1933, 10 October, pulezidenti wa America Franklin D. Roosevelt anatumiza uthenga kwa M. Kalinin, yemwe anali malo tcheyamani CEC. ripoti akumufunsira kubwezeretsa asapita zamtendere. Pakati pa USSR ndi United States pa nthawi imeneyo kunali kusiyana kuti mbali ziwiri nafuna kuthana. Kalinin anayankha Roosevelt pa 17 October. Kale m'ma November 1933 limakhulupirira Litvinov, amene anali Commissioner kwa Affairs zakunja, ndi Pulezidenti wa America anasinthanitsa zolemba boma. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kupanga asapita zamtendere pakati pa USSR ndi USA. Nkhani ya chitukuko mu magawo oyambirira chimasonyeza ndithu m'mlengalenga wochezeka pakati pa maiko awiri. Monga kazembe woyamba Soviet yoikidwiratu Aleksandra Troyanovskogo. Panthawiyo iye anali ndithu odziwika bwino chithunzi anthu. Kuyambira kazembe woyamba America anali Uilyam Bullit. zaka 2 kenako mu 1935, pa July 13 Trade mgwirizano yosainidwa pakati pa maiko awiri. Mu 1937, 4 August, mayiko walemba mgwilizano kupereka mzake akafuna pazipita mtima zachuma.

WWII

Pa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo Soviet Union ndi United States mogwirizana mwachangu monga a odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano. Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo kumuukira, olamulira achifasizimu US anaganiza kupereka thandizo pa zachuma kwa Soviet Union. Pa kumenyanako, America analemba malonda a kongoletsani-pangano (leasehold). zokambirana ofunda pa thandizo anayamba kumapeto September 1941, Roosevelt anatumiza Harriman (anthu ake) ku Moscow. October 1, protocol ndi yosainidwa pa makontena woyamba Soviet Union kwa miyezi 49. $ 1 biliyoni. Patapita mlungu umodzi, Roosevelt adavomereza chikalata, monga zimene zingawathandize-pangano anakafika USSR. Mu October 1941, tinkayamba makontena choyamba. Kumayambiriro June 1944 a Anglo-American nyanja ndi mpweya kumenya kunditumiza ku Normandy. Choncho anapanga kutsogolo chachiwiri. Kumapeto kwa April 1945 nthambi ya 58th alonda. Oyenda Division wa 1 Chiyukireniya Front, ndi 69th oyenda Division ya US magulu ankhondo ankakumana pa mtsinje. Elbe Mtsinje pafupi Torgau. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet-US asapita zamtendere zinali zofunika pothetsa zokhudza kutsogolera kuchititsa nkhondo, ndi m'dziko lonse itatha. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Wachiwiri World nkhondo kunachitika pakati pa atsogoleri a misonkhano itatu ya USSR, USA ndi England (November 1943 - Tehran, mu February 1945 - Yalta, mu July-August 1945 - Potsdam).

nkhondo ozizira

Ngakhale kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa asapita US-Soviet zamtendere zinali zofunika mayiko onse, nkhondo itatha, dziko kwenikweni unagawika muzochitika za chikoka cha midadada awiri ndi ankhanza osiyana umoyo ndale. Nthawi ya Chidani nkhondo. Nthawiyi inatenga zaka pafupifupi 40. Panthawi imeneyi, NATO ndi Warsaw ke (gulu unapangidwa ndi mayiko wa Warsaw ke). Mugone akazembe pakati pa USSR ndi United States afika ndi impasse. Anayamba ankapikisana kwa mitundu ya chikoka amatipeza zinachititsa kuti Kukula kwa asilikali njira zovuta aliyense boma. Iwo anayamba mpikisano manja. Chifukwa cha chuma mayunitsi onse anali mu mkhalidwe anatsindika kwambiri.

Cuba chida mavuto

Amaona nthawi chidwi kwambiri kuchokera nthawi imene United States unkakhazikitsidwa asapita zamtendere ndi USSR. Caribbean mavuto adanyamuka October 1962. Mu nthawi kuti Soviet Union waika Cuba pa mivi yake ballistic. Zinali kuyankha masitepe ofanana kale anatengedwa ndi America. US anapereka zida Italy ndi Turkey. Komanso, Cuba anali kuopsezedwa cha mliri wa asilikali US. Poyankha, utsogoleri Soviet zinachititsa kuti nkhondowo wokonzeka a magulu ankhondo. Caribbean mavuto osati kusokoneza kukhazikitsidwa winanso wa Soviet-US asapita mgwirizano wa mayiko, komanso analenga ngozi nkhondo. Komabe, njira yotulukira anapezeka ndi khama olowa Nikity Hruscheva ndi Dzhona Kennedi. vutoli yokakamiza atsogoleri a mayiko kuzindikira kuti atasemphana limati kungachititse kuti imfa ya anthu onse. Atafika pachimake, Chidani nkhondo anayamba kutha pang'onopang'ono. Tsogoleri awiri anayamba kulankhula za zinthu zimene asilikali kumanga mmwamba.

Nthawi ya détente andale

Mugone akazembe pakati pa USSR ndi West anayamba achire pang'onopang'ono. Pakutha 1960. mapangano zingapo zofunika anali anasaina. Kwenikweni, anatengera memorandum pa kulankhulana mwachindunji Kremlin ndi White House (1963), sikapangano "Pa lamulo mayesero nyukiliya ku m'mlengalenga, pa mtunda ndi pa madzi" (1963), "Pa mfundo za ntchito za mayiko pa zokambiranazi ndi ntchito zakuthambo (kuphatikizapo Moon), danga "(1967)," pa Non-kuchuluka zida za nyukiliya "(1968). Mu 1970. Pambuyo misonkhano pang'ono. M'kupita kwa m'mayikowa ayamba kudzipereka amgwirizano okhudza nkhani ya nkhondo sanali nyukiliya, Kusiya ndi malire zida njira. Choncho, mu 1971, izo anasaina mgwirizano pa njira zothetsera nkhondo pakati pa USSR ndi USA. Chaka chotsatira, boma anasaina mgwirizano kuchepetsa machitidwe chitetezo zida ndi chikalata wogwirizira mchere-1. Mu 1974 anasaina mgwirizano pa miyeso kuchepetsa mobisa mayesero nyukiliya ndi mchere 2. Mu July 1975, mu chimango cha pulogalamu lonse danga anali atazikocheza spacecraft "Soyuz" ndi "Apollo." Icho chinali choyamba zikuluzikulu mwambo mgwirizano Soviet-American.

Jackson-Vanik Kusintha

Iwo anavomerezedwa mu chaka chomwecho ndi kusaina mchere 2 - mu 1974. Kukonzedwa a chilamulo US "Pa Trade". Amatanthauza loletsa pa makonzedwe a Kuyamikira pazipita mode woyanjidwa boma ukutitsimikizira kuti mayiko amene koletsedweratu kapena kuphwanya ufulu wa nzika kusamuka. lamulo limeneli makamaka a Soviet Union. Mu Soviet Union mu zaka, panali zofooka kusamuka kwa dziko. Pambuyo 1985, pamene iwo anagwidwa ndipo palibe zaposachedwa, ndi Kusintha wataya tanthauzo lake. Komabe, mwalamulo sizinapezekebe zimafika.

The ziletso loyamba

Iwo anaphunzitsidwa ndi United States ndi Soviet Union mogwirizana ndi oyamba a asilikali ku Afghanistan mu 1979, utsogoleli American wakhala akupangidwa "Carter Chiphunzitso" (monga mphamvu pa nthawi pulezidenti wa mayina). Amaphatikiza miyeso angapo kuthamanga andale ndi azachuma pa Soviet Union ndi zochitika zawo m'bwalo lonse. Kwenikweni, anapezeka embargo tirigu USSR utachepa kuwombola Scientific, zaumisiri ndi chikhalidwe. Mu 1980, ambiri a kumayiko ena boycotted Olimpiki mu Moscow.

2009

April 1 pa nsonga ya "makumi awiri" mu London anali woyamba munthu msonkhano pakati Pulezidenti wotchedwa Dmitry Medvedev ndi mutu wa United States Barack Obama. atsogoleri anasinthanitsa maganizo pa cholinga mayiko amgwirizano, komanso ndi ndandanda ya ntchito malo oyamba komanso mgwirizano mu nthawi kubwera. Ndi zotsatira za msonkhano Pulezidenti neno olowa kwa chimango ambiri a US-Russian Gona ndi zokambirana kuchepetsa zina za manja njira zolawula.