Mayina a abale woyera, amene analenga zilembo Asilavo. Mbiri ya zilembo Asilavo

Mu mbiri ya zambiri zaulemerero tsiku m'dziko lathu. Ambiri a iwo anaponyedwa zochitika akale. Limodzi ngati zimenezi losaiwalika, amene anakokera kwa zaka zambiri, zakhala zikamera wa Asilavo Literature. Kodi mukudziwa mayina a abale woyera, amene analenga zilembo Asilavo? Ngati sichoncho, ndiye nkhaniyi inalembedwa kwa inu!

Ndani?

Ngati muli osachepera zingaoneke anamva mphunzitsi pa maphunziro a mbiri, ndithudi anatha kukumbukira nokha. Inde, mayina a abale woyera, amene analenga Asilavo zilembo - Kirill Ine Mefody. Izi alaliki Asilavo, udindo amene mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi ndi kuti iwo akhala canonized, osati Orthodox, koma ngakhale Mpingo wa Katolika. Komanso, akamva za moyo wawo ndi ntchito akupezeka m'mabuku a Anthu Muslim.

Akukhulupirira kuti Cyril (zaka za moyo - za 827-969) nalo dzina lake mu Roma Orthodox mu masiku 50 atatsala pang'ono kuphedwa. Pa moyo wake adadziwika kuti m'nthawi yake ngati Constantine Wafilosofi. Methodius (zaka 820-885 wa Moyo) ndipo anabatizidwa ndi dzina latsopano kumapeto kwa moyo. Monga dzina lake analidi, olemba mbiri ndi azamulungu sindikudziwa, koma amati mlaliki choyambirira dzina lake Michael.

Kirill Ine Mefody (zithunzi za iwo recreate chithunzichi ndi m'nkhani) anali abale. Kuwonjezera iwo m'banja anali nawo anyamata asanu ndi atatu. adzawonongedwa zina silidziŵika. Kuwala iwo anaonekera mu Thessaloníki (Salonika). Ngakhale mzinda anali gawo la Macedonia.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Methodius, ngakhale sikawirikawiri otchulidwa magwero a mbiri yakale, anali mu utumiki usilikali. Komanso, zaka 10 iye anali woyang'anira dera wina (mwina Asilavo), ndipo anasiya msilikali wa asilikali ndipo anapita agulupa ya Olympus, amene anali mu Asia Minor. Padziko 860, nasiya ya ulamuliro wa, anakhala abbot ya agulupa Polychrono, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Marmara.

Mosiyana ndi Methodius, Cyril sanakhalepo thupi thanzi, koma ndi wamng'ono kwambiri anasonyeza zizindikiro za malingaliro modabwitsa lakuthwa. Michael-Methodius zambiri anafunika kuteteza ndi kusamalira mng'ono wake, amene sanathe bwino kuimirira okha. Abale ndi banja moyo wawo wonse.

zaka 14 wamng'ono Cyril kale kuzidya mavumbulutso Grigoriya Bogoslova. The mnyamata nakokera chidwi cha Mfumu Michael III, kenako kupita khotili likhale phunziro bwanawe mwana wake. Motsogozedwa Photius, kholo lakale wotchuka ina, komanso ena akuthandizeni kwambiri odziwa, anyamata anaphunzira zinsinsi za malamulo ndiponso apamwamba, dialectic, zakuthambo ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi.

"Moyo" Cyril umboni kuti wazamulungu ankadziwa zokhudza dazeni zilankhulo ambiri ndiye. Anasiya malo apamwamba Mapu, sanalole kuti ukwati zaphindu, ankaona kuti akhale mabuku mu Hagia Sophia. Patapita kanthawi, anazemba amapita ansembe, ndipo pambuyo pochokera limaphunzitsa sophistry ku yunivesite. Zinali ndiye kuti muli dzina lakuti Wafilosofi, amene adzakhala ndi Iye masiku onse a moyo wake.

Kodi amadziwika osiyanasiyana awo?

Chikhulupiriro Constantine (Cyril) kunali kwakukulu moti kutsutsana sayansi, wakhala anaposa ampatuko iconoclasts. Komabe, Mfumu Constantine anatumiza zambiri ochenjera ndi ozindikira nzeru zapamwamba ngakhale kwa Saracens (Asilamu), komwe iyenso anadzionetsa ngati conversationalist luso, amene mkangano zamulungu mosavuta kukunda nyamarwa ndi chida chake.

Tikukhulupirira kuti mukukumbukira mayina a abale woyera, amene analenga zilembo Asilavo.

Yambani ntchito pa zilembo

Padziko 858, abale anatumiza kwa Khazars. The Korsun mmishonale Chimonko anaima kuti kuzamitsa kuphunzira Chiheberi. Kumeneko anapeza zotsalira woyera wa Papa Clement. Abale ena awa anabwera ndi kupitiriza ulendo. Kalanga ine, koma kukwaniritsa wopambana kwambiri pakati pa Khazars, yemwe ankati Chiyuda mosachotsera, amishonale sanali bwino. Komabe, iwo pafupifupi 200 anabatizidwa Khazars, ndi kupulumutsidwa ku ukapolo, Agriki ambiri. Methodius anapita Polychronios, kukhala abbot mu obisika a, Cyril anabwerera ku Constantinople.

Ilo liri mu chete ena maselo ndi zinachitika yoyamba ya ogwirizana Asilavo chinenero analengedwa ndi: Cyril anatenga monga maziko ake akale Greek zilembo, ndi kusintha zinthu zingapo ndipo Akanatero. Mwa njira kulankhula zilembo Greek anaitenga ku Foinike, amene anayambitsa izo mwamsanga chiwiri m'ma BC. Choncho, zinthu zolengedwa za alifabeti Asilavo yogwirizana ndi kusintha Chigiriki.

Kodi n'chiyani Cyril?

Zikuoneka kuti Cyril wa makolo athu mu maphunzirowa zalembedwa pa maziko a "mdierekezi ndi mabala." mfundo zolondola ndi sanasunge, koma chifukwa olemba mbiri ndi kuthetsa anatchula limodzi chabe mu ntchito za m'nthawi yake, amene zambiri sangapereke. Komabe, vuto limeneli osokoneza kwambiri: chilili pakati philologists ndi mbiri yakale mfundo mkangano, monga wakale Asilavo chinenero - nkhani yovuta, imene "mawanga woyera" mu nthawi masauzande ambiri kuposa mfundo zambiri kapena zochepa odalirika.

Ambiri mwina, Kirill - mlengi wa Asilavo zilembo maonekedwe.

Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti

Ngati ife anayamba kukambirana vuto la zikamera wa Asilavo Literature mu mawonekedwe kuti ndi bwino kuti ife lero, sikutheka osanenapo lakuthwa ndi mkangano mtsutso. Kumachitika pakati pa olemba mbiri, akatswiri a zinenero ndi zakale mpaka kalekale tsopano khumi ndi. phunziro si chilengedwe cha Asilavo zilembo zimenezi koma zokambirana zake mwa njira zimene ankagwiritsa ntchito mu wakale.

The uli nazo mu Russia akale panthawi ina makope awiri monga kulemba machitidwe: bwino Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti, kuli zomwe ambiri masiku ano. Zinali pa nthawi imeneyo ena, wakale Asilavo zilembo? Chirichonse n'zotheka ... The vuto kudziŵa za iwo unali wapachiyambi - kusapezeka kwa umboni wodalirika ofukula zinthu zakale.

Ena maphunziro kunachitika asayansi ambiri Russian (makamaka m'ma 19), koma chifukwa cha mbiri yovuta kwambiri dziko lathu zotsatira anali linasiiratu. Amadziwika yekha kuti asayansi Tsarist Russia komabe amakhulupirira kuti kutukula a zilembo za Chisililiki ndi ndendende abale Kirill Ine Mefody. Mwachidule anafotokoza mfundozo ankaona mu yachokera kwa.

Kodi zilembo analenga Cyril?

Asayansi sizinafike kuuzidwa za chiyani chomwe Cyril anatulukira: Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki? Onani kuti mu zaka 10-11 m'makalata Chisililiki, panali chabe 43: 25 iwo - ndi anaitenga ku zilembo akale Greek. Tinganene kuti yosala anadza ku malo omwewo, koma kwambiri kusinthidwa, ndi thandizo lawo kotheka popereka phokoso kawirikawiri wa kulankhula Asilavo. Ndipo amakhala ndi chilengedwe cha Asilavo zilembo ngakhale chiyambi yokumba makalata ambiri, akuchokera mu chinenero wakale, amene anali linafalitsidwa kwambiri mu dziko wakale.

Zolembedwa oyambirira olembedwa

Pa bwinja la mpingo mu Pereslavl Simeon (Bulgaria) pali zizindikiro mapeto a m'zaka za m'ma. Mu mndandanda chomwecho - kujambula kwa Dobrogea, chojambulidwa cha 943 chaka. The chitunda chojambulidwa cha m'ma chakhumi, mtsuko wa "goruhsha" lolembedwa anapezeka. Palinso Novgorod birch makungwa makalata a atumwi 11. Limodzi likhoza ndikuganiza angati zikalata zimenezi, zimene zinalembedwa kale, akanangowonongeratu nthawi. Pomaliza, odziwika "Ostrom Gospel", analembedwa pakati pa zaka 1056-1057 (ku Novgorod).

anapita zilembo za Chisililiki kuti?

Ngakhale maphunziro ambiri, asayansi sanathe kupeza kumene kwalembedwa pali konse. Ambiri a iwo amakhulupirira kuti akadali analenga Cyril, monga kwambiri kapena zochepa osiyana umboni cha chiyambi chake wakale kumeneko. Komabe, ena amakhulupirira kuti Kirill udaikidwa yekha Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki zilembo Asilavo anayambitsa penapake Bulgaria wakale.

The kopanda yamasika si wodzikweza. mfundo ndi yakuti mu 864-865, ndi Bulgarians anatengera Chikhristu, ndipo kumeneko nthawi yomweyo anatumiza Kliment Ohridski, amene anali mmodzi mwa ana ambiri otchuka ndi luso omwe aphunzitsidwa Oyera Kirill Ine Mefody. Iye anakhala Chisilavo woyamba amene anatenga udindo waukulu wa bishopu.

chinachake ake ndi ofufuza ena amakhulupirira ndi mapulogalamu a zilembo za Chisililiki. Komabe akatswiri a mbiri, azamulungu ndi atsogoleri a tchalitchi ankaona Mlengi Constantine Wafilosofi, ndiye St. Cyril. maganizo ndi mokwanira kwambiri, ochuluka a mawu, makalata ndi phonetics chinenero chathu chabwerekedwa Agiriki. Palibe zodabwitsa mu, ngati anabadwa m'Makedoniya ndi mfundo anakwanitsa dongosolo chidziwitso cha m'zilembo za Asilavo, kenako zochokera zambiri kugwira kulengedwa kwa Asilavo zilembo, amene anali kwenikweni wokondedwa kwa ife.

Maganizo za chiyambi cha Chigilagoliti

Chigilagoliti asayansi ambiri ankamuona ngati mawonekedwe a zilembo Latin, monga ofanana kwambiri phonetics ake ndi phindu la makalata. kusiyana ndi penapake mawonekedwe zovuta za masika. Mwina njira iyi ya Kufufuza anabwera ku chinenero Msamariya. Patapita zaka 10-11, izo mwakhama ntchito Moravians, Dalmatia, ndi Bulgaria yokha Chigilagoliti mwakhama ntchito. Zimene timalankhula Croatia, amene zilembo izi ntchito mpaka m'ma 18! Koma Zolembedwa zakale kulembedwa, lolembedwa, kuti mumaganiza Zograph uthenga unakhazikitsidwa m'ma 10 mochedwa.

Ngati nkhambakamwa za chiyambi cha zilembo za Chisililiki akadali uko, ziphunzitso zonse za chiyambi cha zilembo Chigilagoliti ndi chokhazikika pa mfundo ndi maganizo, monga palibe umboni zopelekedwa kuti akhoza kutsimikizira kapena kukana chiphunzitso chimodzi. Ambiri mwina, mbiri ya zilembo Asilavo zinayambira kale m'ma 10, koma malingana ngati mtundu uwu chiphunzitso unsubstantiated.

Ndithu gulu lalikulu la asayansi, womwenso I.Teylor, I. V. Yagich ndi ena, kumenyana imfa: zilembo izi zinali zochokera zonse zofanana chifukwa cha Byzantine Cyril shorthand njira! M'banja ofufuza yemweyo mu nyengo chisanadze chosintha (A. I. Sobolevsky, I. I. Sreznevsky, E. F. Karsky) analimbikitsa chiphunzitso kuti Chigilagoliti zimachokera ku X atumwi Moravia, komwe iye mwachangu zimafalitsidwa ophunzira ponseponse Kirill. gulu sanabwere kuuzidwa za Mlengi wake, koma ndi kufala kwa malo iwo moonadi kuti anaganiza.

Mawu yamasika zachokera chakuti Tchalitchi cha Katolika linayambitsa chisautso cha Chigilagoliti anali mu Moravia, kupitirira zomwe iye ndiye ntchito yaitali. Kuzunzika kwambiri inayamba chifukwa chakuti ABC latsopano diso loipa zinkafanana Byzantine, zomwe chimataya chikayiko pa "chiyambi wakale" Chikatolika. Monga mukuonera, mbiri ya zilembo Asilavo imavuta kwambiri ndi zosokoneza.

Asayansi ndi onse akunenapo mokomera chakuti zilembo Chigilagoliti - osati kuti zina, monga mtundu wa "cryptographic" mawonekedwe a zilembo za Chisililiki. Pa nthawi imene Soviet chinafala buku la (kwakukulukulu pazifukwa zandale) kuti Chigilagoliti zilembo - Asilavo zolembedwa chinenero, tsiku limene (ndi zowawa za Greek) ndi zilembo za Chisililiki analengedwa. Choncho, asayansi Soviet ankaganiza kuti Kirill Ine Mefody (zithunzi mafano awo m'nkhani) kokha kusandulika buku la kulemba. Akatswiri ofufuza imasonyeza kuti bwino ayi.

Pamlandu ntchito alifabeti

Mpaka m'ma 12, kulemba machitidwe awiri ntchito mu. Koma chifukwa chakuti zilembo za Chisililiki kunali kosavuta awonetse pasanapite m'malo mwa "odana". Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma lero m'zinenero zoposa 70 padziko lonse inamangidwa pa maziko anatulukira Cyril a. Komabe, ena mwa iwo (kuphatikizapo mu Russian) angathe kuonedwa kuda Chigilagoliti.

Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti yotsirizira kufa chongopeka. Iwo amanena kuti mwadala yoletsedwa ndiAmene wa zilembo Asilavo, kuononga mabuku olembedwa. Ambiri mwina, izo siziri. Tangoonani malemba zolembedwa mu Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti. Mbali yoyamba, pafupifupi aliyense wa anthu Asilavo adzatha zosavuta ena a mawu, ngakhale Mpingo Chisilavo zilembo (m'njira zambiri amaimira akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito polemba za Chigiriki).

Mu nkhani ya Chigilagoliti tikhoza kunena kuti anthu onse sakuzindikira kalata limodzi: kalembedwe ndi chizindikiro ndi zovuta kuti ndi sizingatheke kumvetsa. Mwachidule, ndithudi anagonjetsedwa chifukwa cha zovuta chizindikiro. Mfundo chinthu chomwecho, ndipo anati Baibulo boma.

Mwina Methodius - mlengi wa Asilavo zilembo za chitsanzo ichi? Ambiri mwina, izo siziri. Maulendo a m'nthawi kuti kulenga script watsopano (ngakhale zochokera Greek) akanakhoza kokha Kirill. Methodius anali lolinganiza kwambiri, koma popanda m'bale wake adzakhala chodziwikiratu kuti athe kuchita chinachake chonga izo.

Kodi mabuku akumasuliridwa ndi script latsopano?

Aliyense analenga Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti, cholinga chake chachikulu ayenera kuti maphunziro ndi chithandizo mu chikhulupiriro umodzi chikale anthu onse Asilavo. Lang'anani, Oyera Kirill Ine Mefody anawamasulira loyamba Aprakos Gospel, Mtumwi-Aprakos, Masalmo. Ambiri mwina, iwo Inasamutsanso kuti zilembo za Chisililiki ndi Paremiynik.

Mogwirizana ndi "Moyo", Kirill anayamba kumasulira Malemba Oyera Old Chibugariya. Ambiri, onse ndi losavuta: uliwonse wansembe ŵakusanga "pansi" anayesa makamaka kumasulira kulemba bwino ndi Kufikika, poyamba pa zonse, mabuku opatulika, kuti chikhulupiriro mosavuta. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, Mpingo Chisilavo zilembo tatchulazi ali panalibe ubale abale, monga bwino unakhazikitsidwa mu mipingo Asilavo.

Transformation ya kulemba Chisililiki ndi mawu

Ena mwa anthu "mphatso" amanena kuti Chirasha sichinasinthe kwa mazana a zaka, ndipo tsopano iye chongopeka molakwika ndipo asokoneza. Kumene, kuwonjezeka lakuthwa chiwerengero cha mawu English amene ali ndithu osiyana n'chimodzimodzi mu chinenero chathu, si chinthu chabwino.

Koma pano pali mawu ananena za m'ma 10. (mu galamafoniyo ano, kumene): "The Russian Zelma kale kwa shelomyanem Inu." Kodi inu mukumvetsa? Kodi osakaniza "dziko Russian". Nthawiyi, mndimeyi limati otsatirawa: "Dziko Russian mbisoweka pa phiri," "dziko Russian wasowa, ngati yokutidwa ndi zipewa." Ndipotu makolo athu kalekale, basi isanafike Peter ndinanena m'chinenero chimene ife kumvetsa lero okha movutikira. Kuwonjezera chakuti ambiri makalata akale a zilembo Asilavo alibe galamafoniyo mu chinenero chamakono!

Ndipo zonsezi ndi chifukwa chakuti Chirasha mwangwiro kusinthidwa, likusintha mofulumira mchikakamizo cha zinthu zachilengedwe, koma ndi khalidwe ndi njira bwino kulankhulana wapakamwa ndi olembedwa. Komabe, za yemweyo tinganene zokhudza dzina uliwonse, amene tsopano amalankhula anthu osachepera atatu miliyoni anayi padziko lonse.

anapezazo

Kumbukirani kuti kulephera kwa chinenero ndi mabuku kuyamwa ndi kuphunzira mawu atsopano ndi mfundo umboni imfa yake. Latin lero akuti madokotala oposa miliyoni, akatswiri ndi achilamulo, koma ali wakufa. Iye samasintha, sikumawonekera malamulo atsopano.

Aliyense ndiAmene wa zilembo Asilavo, ngongole zawo - wanzeru kulemba dongosolo, aliyense kalata amene poyamba ankanyamula tanthauzo lolondola, ndi ndondomeko yosavuta kumva. Komanso, ndi kulemba izi zidakali pa zaka zambiri, tsopano mwachangu kusintha ndi kupitiriza kutumikira monga chida kulankhulana kwa anthu ambiri padziko lonse.

Polongosola mwachidule, tisaiwale kuti Kirill Ine Mefody - osati mayina a abale woyera, amene analenga zilembo Asilavo, koma mayina a aphunzitsi otchuka amene alidi angathe kugwirizanitsa anthu Asilavo, kuwapatsa kulemba dongosolo wamba.