Medieval mzinda Europe: momwe zinaliri ndi momwe ife kulingalira

Mbali khalidwe la Ages Middle anali kukula kwa mizinda. Ichi ndi chifukwa, makamaka, ndi gulu la anthu m'magulu chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko cha zamanja. A lililonse akale tauni Ulaya anali wamng'ono ndi mfundo ano, kuthetsa ili pafupi ndi obisika, ndi linga kapena m'linga. A chofunika yomanga kuthetsa latsopano linali pamaso pa posungira - mtsinje kapena nyanja. Nkosafuna Middle Ages chimakwirira nthawi ndithu kwambiri a nthawi kuchokera zana lachisanu (oyambirira Ages Middle) ndi khumi ndi zisanu (Kubadwa Kwatsopano). m'mizinda yambiri ya zaka 5-15 ndi linga weniweni, atazunguliridwa ndi kutsinde lonse ndi mpanda wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba, amene amaloledwa kusunga chitetezo pamene azingidwa, chifukwa nkhondoyo inali Sizachilendo kwa nyengo ya nthawi iyi.

mzinda akale European anali malo zolimba moyo unali wokongola zovuta izo. Ngati kuchokera anawazunza akuwononga asilikali mlendo anapulumutsa makoma aatali ndi asilikali yogwira, ndiye ndi matenda mwala malinga inali yopanda mphamvu. miliri pafupipafupi zinayambira mu Ulaya, zikwi inapha anthu anaonera. mliri A tikhoza kukhudza mzinda apamwamba kuposa kuwonongeka. Mwachitsanzo zifukwa zotsatirazi kwa kufalikira mofulumira mliri pakati pa anthu European zaka 5-15. Poyamba, boma la mankhwala kwa nthawi sanalole kuthana ndi payokha anatengedwa kukuchitika matendawa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, "wakuda imfa" kufalikira, poyamba pakati pa anthu okhala Pamudzi, ndiyeno anapita kutali kupitirira kupeza mliri kufanana, ndipo nthawi zina matenda. Chachiwiri, ngakhale ochepa anthu, kachulukidwe anthu m'mizinda wakhala si mkulu. Osalimba a anthu ndi abwino chinathandiza kufala kwa matenda mofulumira inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku munthu wodwala wathanzi. Chachitatu, miyezo ya anthu amakono akale tawuni anali kusonkhana zinyalala, zinyalala banja ndi chimbudzi nyama. Auve, amadziwika kulimbikitsa nucleation matenda ambiri oopsa amafalitsa makoswe ndi makoswe ina ing'onoing'ono.

Komabe, kubadwa ndi kukula kwa mzinda zochititsa positive. Choncho, ambiri a iwo zinachitika m'mayiko a mafumu aakulu ang'onoang'ono kapena mafumu. Anthu okhala m'madera wochepa m'manja kuthana ndi chuma, malonda, kupereka ndalama ndithu. The m'manja zopindulitsa labwino "wake" mzinda, chifukwa chochuluka ndalama iye akanakhoza kulandira nzika msonkho.

Kufotokozera za mudzi akale

Ambiri mwa mizinda ya Ulaya 5-15 zaka anawerengedwa kuyambira okhala 4 10 chikwi. Tawuni ndi anthu okhala ku miliyoni 4 ankaona pafupifupi. The akale mzinda waukulu zinkandivuta kuwerenga anthu 80 sauzande. Metropolises nthawi ankaziona ngati Milan, Florence, Paris. Kwenikweni, kuyikidwa malonda ang'onoang'ono, amisiri, asilikali anali mzinda m'dera mukudziwa. Mbali khalidwe la m'mizinda ya ku Ulaya kwa zaka za m'ma 12 anali anapeza ku mayunivesite awa ndi zikamera wa wophunzira monga gulu la osiyana chikhalidwe. Woyamba bungwe ngati anatsegula mu malo aakulu a nthawi - Oxford, Paris, Cambridge. maonekedwe awo anali kuchita chidwi pa zomwe mayiko munthu ndi Europe wonse.

Lero, m'tawuni akale zikuoneka kuti ife ndi chisoni, oopsa malo, kumene ngakhale kutentha kwa tsiku kotheka umboni kuba kapena kuphedwa. Komabe, pali chinachake chikondi mu misewu yaing'ono wa mizinda yakale European. Kodi wina kufotokoza chidwi kuchuluka kwa alendo ndi apaulendo zoterezi mizinda yakale monga Sartène (Italy), Cologne (Germany), Marseille (France). Iwo amakulolani agwera mu mbiriyakale, kuzemba amangokhala ali pikitipikiti amakono "m'nkhalango konkire" kuti, ngakhale yochepa, ulendo zakale.