M'nyanja. Large m'nyanja. Dziko m'madzi a moti matanthwe

Nyanja ndi nyanja ndi cholowa cha anthu, amakhala osati ambiri zonse zodziwika (ndi osadziwika) mitundu sayansi ya zamoyo. Komanso yekha mu kuya wachisoni wa madzi nyanja nthawi zina mukhoza kuwona chithunzi amenewa, omwe ndi okongola nthawi zina amatha chabe zimazunzitsa ngakhale munthu ambiri amakana. Tayang'anani pa m'madzi zamoyo, ndipo mudzaona kuti chilengedwe ndi zina zambiri kuposa chilengedwe cha wojambula aliyense luso.

Ndi chiyani icho?

moti matanthwe otchedwa madera matanthwe amene amapanga maphunziro zina kwenikweni chachikulu, ofanana kukula ndi miyala.

Onani kuti ngale awa, amene angathe kupanga miyala ndi Scleractinia, a kalasi Anthozoa, Cnidaria mtundu. anthu Single kupanga chimphona njuchi ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi madera Mbali yokhala ngati okalamba amathandiza kuti chitukuko ndi kukula kwa nyama. Mosiyana ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi zimapezeka pa madzi onse, ndipo osati madzi ochepa. Choncho, wokongola wakuda matanthwe amakhala kumalo akuya zimenezi, zomwe mkatikati palibe cheza cha dzuwa.

Koma weniweni m'madzi matanthwe akhoza kupangidwa kokha ndi mitundu kuti moyo m'nyanja osaya otentha.

am'nyanja Kodi pali?

Pali mitundu zazikulu zitatu: fringing, chotchinga zilumba zimenezi zili. Mukhoza ndikuganiza, kumalire ndi mitundu opezeka madzi ochepa pafupi ndi nyanja. The formations yochititsa chidwi ndi chotchinga miyala, amene ali ofanana breakwater lapansi. Iwo ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumtunda kapena zilumba zikuluzikulu. Monga ulamuliro, ndi ofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, pali mamilioni a mitundu pothawirapo zamoyo, ndipo kachiwiri, deta maphunziro mbali yofunika youmba nyengo ya deralo, kuteteza nyanja mafunde.

Lalikulu ndi wotchuka ndi Great Barrier Reef, kukuchitika kwa 2,000 Km, kupanga kum'mawa m'mphepete m'dzikoli Australia. Ena sali choncho chachikulu komanso chofunika ndi "abale" ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Bahamas, komanso mu Atlantic kumadzulo.

Zilumba zimenezi zili - ang'ono wozungulira woboola pakati chilumba. kugombe awo otetezedwa m'madzi zamoyo, kupanga chotchinga chachilengedwe, amene kumathandiza ndi mafunde amphamvu ndi mafunde nyanja kusamba topsoil padziko dziko. Kodi kubwera kwa miyala, kodi limagwirira mapangidwe awo?

Nthawi ya moti matanthwe

Anthu ambiri a tizilombo ting'onoting'ono akufunika madzi ndi osaya, abwino kwa iwo ndi kukhalapo kwa ang'ono ndi lathyathyathya m'munsi, makamaka ili pafupi ndi nyanja. Komabe, asayansi ambiri akukhulupirira kuti zinthu imene mapangidwe chambiri tizilombo ting'onoting'ono, amene zosiyanasiyana.

zilumba zimenezi zili zambiri zizindikiro zonse ayenera chikanachitika pamwamba pa phiri lakale, koma osati paliponse anapeza kuda formations aatali chiphalaphala kuti akhoza kwathunthu kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi. The wasayansi wotchuka Charles Darwin, akuyendetsa zosachepera sitima wotchuka "Beagle", chinkhoswe osati mapangidwe maganizo zinachokera chitukuko cha anthu. M'njiramo iye akanakhoza kupanga ambiri atulukira, mmodzi amene anali kulongosola mmene panali dziko la moti matanthwe.

"Reef" chiphunzitso cha Charles Darwin

Musamachite anatuluka mu kuphulika wakale pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka chifukwa chiphalaphala chomwe anagwera mu chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuphulika ambiri. Atangomva pamwamba pa nyanja adzakhala 20 meters, padzakhala momwe akadakwanitsira kwa kuthetsa pamwamba pa miyala yamtengo wapatali seamount. Iwo anayamba mwamsanga kumanga mzinda, pang'onopang'ono kwathunthu bongo thandizo chachikulu akuwuka pambuyo kuphulika lapansi.

Anyamata m'madzi kufika misa yovuta, phiri, kumtunda kumene anali kale pafupi anakomoka, iwo amayamba pang'onopang'ono kumira kumbuyo mu nyanja. Monga madzi a ngale kuyamba kukula kwambiri, ndi chifukwa m'madzi wayamba kukhala yaikulu, pamene otsala za yemweyo mlingo poyerekeza ndi pamwamba pa madzi.

Mphamvu chiphunzitso cha mapangidwe

Pafupi m'madzi ayamba kudziunjikira mchenga, ambiri mwa - ndi mafupa a ngale okha, milled kukokoloka ndi mitundu ina ya zolengedwa za m'nyanja. Shoals amakhala zambiri, kenako anapereka m'madzi akuyamba pamwamba pa nyanja, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kupanga chilumba. Chitsanzo zazikulu zikusonyeza kuti njuchi ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kukwezedwa pamwamba madzi kumachitika chifukwa kusintha nthawi zonse mlingo dziko nyanja.

Akatswiriwa ambiri ndi geographers nthawi yomweyo anachita chidwi chiphunzitso ichi. Ngati izo ziri zoona, ndiye zonse zazikulu m'nyanja anyamule zina zotsala za pachimake chiphala.

N'zoona ngati mfundo chiphala za chiyambi cha m'madzi a?

Kuti kutsimikizira izi, mu 1904, pa Funafuti pachilumba cha ku Pacific Ocean mayeso pobowola unapangidwa bungwe. Kalanga, alipo pa luso nthawi walola kuti akafike akuya mamita 352 okha, pambuyo pake ntchito anaimitsidwa ndi pamaso kuyembekezera asayansi pachimake kuti ndipo sadathe.

Mu 1952, dziko la America ndi cholinga chomwecho kuyamba pobowola ku Marshall Islands. Pa akuya pafupifupi 1.5 makilomita, asayansi apeza wosanjikiza basalt chiphala. Izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti m'madzi chinapangidwa pa 60 miliyoni zapitazo, pamene njuchi ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono anakakhala pamwamba pa phiri lomwe zinatha. Darwin kamodzinso anasonyeza kuti bwino.

Kodi miyala pa nthawi imene kuchepekela pa nyanja lonse

Amadziwika kuti matalikidwe a oscillation m'nyanja panyengo zosiyanasiyana anafika zana meters. mlingo yamakono okhazikika ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi chokha zikwi zapitazo. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti zaka 15,000 zapitazo madzi a m'nyanja anali osachepera 100-150 mamita poyerekeza lero. Choncho, miyala yonse matanthwe kuti inakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi imeneyo, tsopano pali mamita 200-250 m'munsimu m'mphepete ano. Pambuyo chizindikiro kuti mapangidwe chambiri tizilombo ting'onoting'ono sizingatheke.

Komanso, ambiri am'nyanja iwo akale matanthwe (chithunzi ali mu mapepala), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu nthawi zambiri wakale, ndipo pa dziko pano. Zinapangidwa m'masiku amenewo, pamene madzi a m'nyanja anali mkulu ngati n'kotheka, ndi zipewa ayezi pa mitengo yonyamulira ya dziko lapansi kulibe. Onani kuti a zaka zapakati pa ayezi ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono sikuti kupanga madera kwambiri kapena zochepa zofunika, monga madzi kusintha mofulumira kwambiri.

Yofunika kwambiri pa nkhani imeneyi, Egypt. moti matanthwe ku Nyanja Yofiira Nthawi zambiri pa kuya kwambiri, umene anthu ambiri a zaka zapitazo, kunali mwachizolowezi pansi osaya nyanja.

The Gawo la m'madzi matanthwe

Kumvetsa mmene mzinda tizilombo ting'onoting'ono anakonza Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani kugombe la Jamaica. Zithunzi aliyense wa chilumba tingachipeze powerenga loyamba kuonekera kuwuka steeply kuchokera pansi pa makhololo mchenga. Black mikwingwirima oyenerera kufanana chilumba - izo limafotokoza kuwonongeka matanthwe zimene zinachitika mu osiyana nthawi miyala chifukwa kusinthasintha pa nyanja.

Oyendetsa zone izi anatsimikiza mtima breakers kuti: ngakhale usiku phokoso la mafunde, amene anagawana bwino pamaso gombe, akusonyeza pamaso am'nyanja. Pambuyo Malo otetezedwa akuyamba yachonde limene miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi anatsegula pa mafunde otsika. Oddly okwanira, koma mozama ukuwonjezeka zikuchepa m'madzi lagoon, chambiri tizilombo ting'onoting'ono m'dera limeneli si akupangidwa pa mafunde otsika, akhalebe pansi pa madzi. Malowo ali pafupi ndi gombe, amene nthawi zonse atsegula pa mafunde otsika, wotchedwa littoral. Pali matanthwe pang'ono.

Yaikulu komanso nthambi ngale kukula pa m'mbali akunja, omwe amakumana nyanja lotseguka. Ndende kwambiri pa moyo m'madzi zimawonedwa m'dera littoral. Mwa njira, aliyense konse angapezeke mwa kuchezera m'madzi matanthwe? Dziko m'madzi la Iguputo ndi ena malo otchuka alendo kuti umbava kuti maso adzakhala mogwirizana! Inde, kuchuluka kwa zinyama malo awa akhoza ayi.

Dziko m'madzi a moti matanthwe

Akatswiri a sayansi amanena mmodzi Great Barrier Reef (zomwe Takambirana kale) amakhala mitundu pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri za nsomba! Tangoganizani angati moyo mphutsi, thonje ndi invertebrates ena?

Anthu ambiri zokongola ndi chodabwitsa nsomba moti matanthwe - Zinkhwe. Dzina adalandira kwa mtundu wa "mlomo" imene ili kusinthidwa nsagwada mbale. Nsagwada za izi "Zinkhwe" ndi moti mosavuta kugwetsera ndi pogaya midadada lonse la matanthwe.

Popeza tizilombo ting'onoting'ono si kwambiri mu zopatsa mphamvu, nsomba amenewa zonse kudya. Pa chaka, anthu mmodzi yekha akhoza kuwononga matani angapo a matanthwe. Zapsa mitembo yawo kuponyedwa chilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a mchenga. Inde, inde, "Zinkhwe" mbali yofunika kutchukitsa magombe modabwitsa wokongola wa zoyera mchenga matanthwe.

Kuzindikira ndi zokongola okhala malo iwonso mazana a mitundu urchins nyanja. adani awo achilengedwe - starfish - nthawi zina perpetrators okha ndi chiwonongeko am'nyanja. Choncho, nyenyezi ya chisoti cha minga, anafika pa gombe Australia ku Chigawo wina, kale anawononga pafupifupi 10% ya Barrier Reef! Chifukwa cha ichi, oceanographers ndi nsomba akatswiri padziko lonse ananena kuti nkhondo yeniyeni: nyenyezi amakodwa ndi kuwonongedwa.

zinachitika kale kuchita kupereka zotsatira zina, koma chifukwa lero m'madzi dziko Australia amayamba kuchira.