Museum-Reserve "Kuznetsk linga", Novokuznetsk: mwachidule, maonekedwe, mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

Zoposa makumi awiri ndi mahekitala Nature Reserve, m'nyumbayi waukulu Kuzbass - Kuznetsk linga. Mbali yaikulu ya linga la ili paphiri Ascension, chomwe amakhala manyenje, mapiri, moyang'anizana ndi mzinda wa Novokuznetsk ku chigawo chimodzimodzi. M'nyumbayi anayamba kugwira ntchito yake mu 1991, kuphunzira, ndi kuupulumutsa amenewa chidwi chinthu, monga linga Kuznetsk - chipilala chidwi za mbiri ya mpanda cholowa chofunika boma la chikhalidwe.

m'gawo

gawo ili osati Kuznetsk linga, komanso zina zachilengedwe ndi mbiri yakale zipilala. Pali ngakhale mathithi okongola mu chigwa za Verhotomskoye redoubt. Osachepera khumi kamangidwe, nkhondo ndi zinthu mpanda angaonedwe pa anthu ulendowu ndi alendo. Kuteteza misewu ndi yosiyana, ntchito kubwezeretsa zonse yofuna.

Apa lili ndi zofukula m'mabwinja malo - onse a mitundu. Zofufuza adakali pansi, ndipo si popanda anapezazo. Kuznetsk Linga anaphunzira ali kutali onse. M'nyumbayi kufotokoza nthawi zonse kusinthidwa kafukufuku amenewa. Imafotokoza mbiri asilikali a m'derali, ndipo amapereka m'ndende malo, mizere nkhani kulimbitsa, ndi ndende linga, amene anali mu linga, nayenso, kuyambira zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. M'nyumbayi kumalimbikitsa miyambo nkhondo ndi dziko lawo, kusonkhanitsa folklore ndi wowerengeka chikhalidwe amathandiza.

Museum ntchito

Mu December 1991, m'nyumbayi linatsegulidwa, ndipo woyamba wa ndodo yake anakakhala pa Anthu msewu mu nyumba dilapidated. Ndi watsopano 1992 zinayambira osati kuphunzira mabuku a linga la kafukufuku archival ndi pofukula, komanso ambiri kufalitsidwa kubwezeretsa ntchito. Iwo anakhazikitsa bungwe ethnographic, pofukula ndi mbiri yakale ulendo yothandizana ndalama ya nyumbayi. Popeza anapezanso Kuznetsk ake kubadwanso linga.

M'chaka cha 1993 m'nyumbayi anasamukira ku nyumba ya wamalonda Fonareva mathithi pa msewu, kumene mpaka lero. Pa nthawi yomweyo unayambitsidwa yopanga "Kuznetsk amakedzana" - zodziwitsa m'dera mbiri magazini. Mu 1994, m'nyumbayi anatsegula laibulale kufufuza mabuku kuchokera pa mndandanda wa katswiriyo m'tauni yapafupi ya Prokopyevsk MG Elkina. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwambo chionetsero choyamba anadzipereka kwa mfundo za luso Siberia.

kubwezeretsa

Kenako anapanga yachokera analengedwa ndi kuyesedwa zosiyanasiyana zisudzo. Mu 1998, iwo anagwira ntchito yomanga malipiro a - ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri pa ntchito yokonzanso. Barnaul zitseko ndi iwiri yosema polubastiona, m'chipindacho asilikali - izi ndi zimene apindula ndiye Kuznetsk linga. Novokuznetsk - mzinda wokongola ndi ulemerero miyambo, ndipo kuchokera nthawi imeneyo anakhala mbiri watanthauzo mobwerezabwereza. Zakhala unachitikira kuno kwa City Tsiku chikondwerero.

Koma si onse zinthu zabwino zimene zinachitika mu dera la Kuznetsk linga. Metallurgists wa foundry ZSMK opangidwa replicas khumi ndi awiri a serfs mfuti zimene poyamba anayima pano pa ngolo, ndipo mortars mkuwa awiri, omwe anali kuikidwa pa makoma a mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Ndipo mu 2001, dipatimenti ofanana m'nyumbayi ndi ziwiri zamkuwa replicas Kugorna mortars, amene tsopano ali kuyikidwa mu chionetserocho okhazikika. Patapita chaka chimodzi, a linga anali kuyembekezera mphatso ina - kuponyedwa chitsulo ndi forte-mapaundi yolemera mortars pa ngolo.

chikumbukiro

Mu 2002, msilikali m'chipindacho khoma kwambiri, kulandira mphatso kuchokera foundry kuti: izo anaika mbale awiri chikumbutso, lomwe limatchula maina a anthu a Kuznetsk, anali kupereka kwa George Cross. Ndipo makoma a linga la kamodzinso kudzadza ndi mfuti pa ngolo munda wa chitsulo ndi mkuwa mbiya. Mu 2003 pa gawo la pulasitala kugwira ndi ziboliboli E. E. Potehina, Kenako anasiya chitsulo chosungunula, polemekeza mkulu General PN Putilova.

Kugwira kubala mu foundry wa West Siberia zitsulo Phatikizani. M'nyumbayi kufotokoza nthawi zonse kusinthidwa ndi chuma yomanga, anakonza kukhudzana zambiri. M'misasa wa asilikali, gawo lonse odzipereka kwa kuznechaninu wotchuka - wojambula Admiralty, amene anakhala wotchuka mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Chithunzicho ziboliboli ndi chikumbutso mbale kutulutsa chomwecho zitsulo foundry onse.

Gawo lachiwiri la zomangamanga

Kwa miyezi sikisi 2008 chakhala kwambiri ndi maonekedwe loyambirira Kuznetsk linga. Novokuznetsk anakonza zonse ntchito zikuluzikulu za yomanga malipiro a. nthawi ili anabwezeretsa kumpoto ndi kum'mwera mitundu, ndi nyumbayi inamangidwa mogwirizana ndi zojambula choyambirira mkulu nyumba. Ndiponso anaika yopemphereramo matabwa, adadzikometsera kuno m'mbale ake m'nthawi zakale. Mkulu woyang'anira anatenga kunyumba chionetsero chachikulu mbiri pa Kuznetsky mkondo, Kuznetsk Kuznetsk linga ndi mzere kumbuyo.

Ndi asilikali m'chipindacho alimbane ndi chionetsero chopambana bwino mbiri yakale ya dera, kumene zosiyanasiyana zipangizo anasonkhana ku zofukulidwa zokambidwa mwazaka - kuchokera Paleolithic zimafunika kum'patsa mu makumi awiri Zakachikwi BC ku malo zofukula m'mabwinja za chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri m'ma AD. The kufotokoza m'gulu kuganizira kukhazikitsanso zakale zomwe anasonyeza anthu akale a m'derali, maonekedwe amene wabwezeretsedwa ndi cranium lapansi. Novokuznechane chikondi owonetsera zakale awo.

Kuznetsk linga

Iye anamanga mpanda wolimba kwa zaka makumi awiri, kuti m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi si kwambiri, kuyambira 1800 mpaka chaka 1820. Pali apitiriza kulimbikitsa dongosolo, cholinga chachikulu cha zimene - deterring olusa a China, amene nthawi zonse anayang'ana ndi chilakolako (ndipo akadali!) Pa South Siberia ndi imakhaladi nthaka yachonde. Komabe, mu 1846 mbiri lankhondo la Kuznetsk linga inatha: Dipatimenti nkhondo izo chachotsedwa pepala bwino. Lake redeveloped ndi kukonza m'ndende zigawenga, omwe analipo pa malo mpaka 1919. Ndipo mu Civil nkhondo, nyumba onse a dongosolo ndende ya tsarist, unatenthedwa.

linga lokha inamangidwa kale mpanda wolimba chachikulu - zinali chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. yomanga ake ndipo anathandiza mapangidwe dongosolo lonse kumbuyo paphiri Ascension (poyamba ankatchedwa Manda). Chitetezo cha mazana chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu anali zadothi kapena matabwa, ndipo anali ndi chikhalidwe kwambiri kwa iwo chizindikiro nthawi turret: nsanja ili padziko kukafika kutsogolo kwa mzinda, ndiko kuti, osati kumbuyo linga.

Lisanakhazikike mzinda

Ascension polubastion Kuznetsk linga n'chimodzi mwa mpanda ndi zotsalira za nsanja angapo. Pa chisoni manda m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri chikanapitirizidwira mpandawo chimodzimodzi monga izo zinali ankamangidwanso mu nthawi yathu - chemba nakumba ndi kutsanulira kutsinde. Amadziwika kuti 1717 ndi citadel zadothi unali pa promontory mwa phiri. Mu 1689 linga anatsimikizidwa mzinda, kuteteza malo ku "kuukira Kirghiz ndi Kalmyks" (monga iwo wotchedwa Mongolia, Chinese, ndi Altai ndi Shor), ndi kuvomereza Ufumu Wake wa Ufumu Wake.

Pakuti ngakhale bastions zambiri yamalinga basi banki ya Tom ndi kumpoto kwa mzinda poyerekezera ndi wachiwiri anaika citadel, amene anali wolumikizana ndi mzinda ndi linga matabwa, ndi bwalo pa mbali m'dziko la linga la inamangidwa mitengoyi wakuda ndi pamtengo anathamangitsidwa mu. Ngakhale, monga mawonekedwe a Kuznetsk linga khoma anali eyiti chipata ndipo anali pafupifupi ziwiri ndi theka miles. Anayi kutsinde citadel mobwerezabwereza Kapangidwe ka gombe lamapiri la Tomi, pa mphambano za bastions aakulu disposable ndi zipata ziwiri ndi nsanja matabwa. Mkati mwa citadel pa nthawi anali yekha tchalitchi, nyumba umodzi. m'zipata zonse akutetezedwa ndi mfuti yamphamvu. Tsopano pa Kamangidwe ichi cha nyumbayi akugwirabe ntchito "Kuznetsk mpanda wolimba". Novokuznetsk anasankha recreate amoyo ndi maonekedwe ina ya chipilala, ndi chidwi malinga.

m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu

Pakutha pa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu earthworks m'ma linga dilapidated kwathunthu, koma mzinda wa Kuznetsk anali kupitiriza ntchito yake yolemekezeka ngati linga la pambali kum'mawa kwa liniya kumalire odzitukumula dongosolo la nthawi yaitali - kuchokera Caspian kuti Altai. Choncho, kwakonzedweratu ndi ovomerezedwa ndi Mfumu Paulo Ine Sinthani onse Kuznetsk malinga.

Tinayenera earthworks latsopano Manda m'tsinde mwa phiri pamwamba pake. Mu 1800, ntchito yomanga inayamba, ndi 1820 TH kwathunthu anakongoletsa Kuznetsk linga. Novokuznetsk, amene mbiri inayamba ndipo anayamba imodzi ndi moyo wa malinga tsopano limabwezeretsa mwina bastions malo.

Kodi chinachitika

Nyumbayi lonse kuthi mawonekedwe a rectangle elongated, kukafika kutsogolo kwa migodi zazikulu zomwe zili redanami, amene owazidwa mkati ndiziwunda kwa mfuti. M'manda pa Cape Phiri anali ndi owonjezera lalikulu redoubt, zomwe zinachititsa kuti malo achitetezo a kutsinde yaitali ndi redanom. Pa mphambano za aggressors anaopseza polubastiony alimbane mkati sandstone mamita makumi awiri ndi okonzeka nsanja kwa zida zankhondo.

Pakati polubastionami chikhamu atatu storied njerwa psuu nsanja. Iwo anali athanzi ngalande kumbuyo ndi mikondo. Wa analipo nyumba okha yopemphereramo anapulumuka. Omangika ndi kusinthidwa Nyumbayi akaidi ndiponso anthu wamba wantchito ntchito.

hoary amakedzana

Isanafike 1806, monga ya zikalata archival Museum-Reserve, Kuznetsk linga anali mmodzi yekha mwala nyumba - limodzi nkhani guardhouse ndi denga mkulu hipped ndi dormer zenera. Pamaso nyumbayi inali chihema matabwa kulipenya perete pansi. Guardhouse pa nthawi - osati bungwe kwa kumangidwa yochepa, ndi guardroom. Nyumba imeneyi inali pafupi ndi zipata za Kuznetsk. Kawirikawiri mkati nyumbayi anapuma asilikali a ku kusinthako wa asilikali.

Mu 1810 guardhouse anali kwathunthu anakongoletsa kwa asilikali anaika njerwa mbaula, zida ndi apansi matabwa. Pamene Nyumbayi inali wapita ku dziko la chitetezo, nyumbayi anamuthawa, lawola mofulumira ndipo mu 1869 anagulitsidwa zidutswa. Only mu 1970 linadzamangidwanso kachiwiri. Mofanana ndi zaka magazini mwala ufa ndi denga matabwa ndi outbuildings awiri. Mozungulira iye adayima mpanda wamphamvu popitiriratu m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba. Sod denga mu 1810 watsekedwa ndi slabs mwala, anaika eaves kwa ngalande madzi.

m'chipindacho msilikali

Ndi nyumba njerwa pa tsinde la mwala inamangidwa 1808. Sikisitini mazenera anaika pamodzi kutalika lonse la wapakamwa pa mbali, denga mkulu, matabwa, ndi mazenera asanu dormer, lidagawikana vertically zosonyeza Chigawo. m'chipindacho onse inali ndi zigawo ziwiri, symmetrically olekanitsidwa, ndi zipata osiyana. Mkangano chipinda masitovu. Makoma anali Anachotsa bunks. Komabe, kukongola kwa nyumbayi sichinayambe mosatsata: pamodzi kutalika lonse la mpanda anatambasula ndi mipata arched.

Pali anaiika anthu mazana awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri Biysk asilikali ndi chilema gulu. Pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti ya linga monga kumanga usilikali, malo a asilikali zapatsidwa kuyambira 1842 ku nkhani yake zigawenga. Nthawi zambiri nyumbayo ankamangidwanso ndi kukonzedwa, ndipo mu December 1919 ndende anatenthedwa pansi ndi partisans. Choncho mbiri malo a asilikali kwa nthawi yaitali unatha. Pa mabwinja ake mu zaka 90 zaka mazana makumi awiri inkachitikira zofukulidwa ambiri ndi zipangizo zopezeka chokongoletsedwa owonetsera zakale.

Ober nyumba kapitawo

nyumba iyi mwala moyo apolisi anayi Bijskogo battalion mu utumiki wa asilikali achitetezo. The nyumba ina-storey ndi zipata ziwiri ndi khumi mazenera pa wapakamwa yaikulu inamangidwa ophweka, koma, monga mmene anthu ankachitira masiku amenewo, wopanda frills lapansi. Denga ndi mpweya wabwino ndi mipata pakati ndiziwunda, ndi chochapira, lobbies ndi wokongola triangular ng'anjo mu zogona dera umboni.

Okwana nyumbayi adali ndi zipinda zisanu ndi zinayi asanu zogona - pa dzanja limodzi, khitchini ndi zofunikira chipinda pa ena. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi nyumba mkulu anapatsidwa kwa m'chipatala cha asilikali. nyumbayi pang'ono ndi pang'ono kuwonongedwa, ndipo mu 1905 ku malo ake anamanga nyumba akuluakulu ndi mabanja awo. Koma nyumba Posakhalitsa kutenthedwa. Only mu 2000 nyumba mkulu anamanganso.