Ngati nyama ndi hybrids anthu zotheka?

Ndithu malingaliro otsutsana yanthanda pa mutu wanu, pamene inu kuyamba kuganizira za chilengedwe cha hybrids ndi kudutsa nyama ndi maselo a anthu. Kwa nthawi yaitali asayansi analengedwa awo mazira Laboratories hybrid, izo zonse ncholinga mankhwala chifukwa osiyanasiyana matenda. Komabe, zatsopano zimenezi ndi chikhalidwe akhoza kupita kutali kwambiri. Kodi pali nthawi kulengedwa hybrids ya anthu ndi zinyama? Malo iwo akukhala padziko lapansi? Izi mitundu ya nkhani mwachindunji ikukhudzana bwanji ndi nkhani ya kukumana kwa sayansi ndi chikhalidwe.

Hybrids ndi nyama zakutchire

Kodi n'zotheka kuti alenge hybrids wa nyama ndi anthu? Ena angagwe zithunzi yomweyo lowopsya la anthu ndi mutu amapha nyamazi nsomba mchira, mlomo wa mbalame, malaya shaggy ndi zina zotero. Kodi asayansi Labs awo polenga kusinthidwa chibadwa kosavuta monga mwa masewera kanema? Mu dziko nyama chitsanzo cha hybrids interspecific ndi nyulu, chifukwa cha mating pa bulu ndi kavalo. Izi si nyama athanzi, amene Komabe, anataya mphamvu yake kubereka mtundu wawo chifukwa cha nambala osiyana DNA bulu (62 DNA) ndi akavalo (64 DNA).

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, nyulu si chitsanzo chabe cha interbreeding. mitundu ofanana angathe amamuchitira kubala wosabala ana. Mwachitsanzo, mikango ndi akambuku (wotchedwa liger ana iwo), mbidzi ndi akavalo. Wachibale wake wapafupi wa munthu akhoza kutchedwa Kanyaniko, koma lingaliro chabe kulenga hybrids wa anthu ndi nyama, kutanthauza anthu ndi nyani, ndi kaphatikizidwe wa genomes pafupifupi sizingatheke.

chitetezo cha m'thupi kukana maselo yachilendo

Ambiri mwa anthu ntchito chitetezo cha m'thupi mwa njira yotero kuti maselo ngakhale munthu winayo si nthawi zonse bwinobwino analandira mwa thupi, mwachitsanzo, panthawi kupatsidwa zina za ziwalo, osanenapo sanali anthu, selo nyama. Aliyense minofu akunja adzakhala yomweyo wapezeka, ndi kudzakhala yankho amphamvu chitetezo - kukanidwa.

Yekha kuti athandize anthu

Asayansi nawo kafukufuku chibadwa, palibe cholinga kulenga mizukwa, kumene wosakanizidwa anthu ndi nyama - ndi chinachake choipa ndi woopsa. Komanso, anthu sadzamva amakhulupirira chilengedwe cha osinthika iliyonse. Iwo safuna kuchita mtundu uwu wa zinthu, kafukufuku maselo tsinde ndi achire cloning imachitika basi mu zofuna za anthu, ndipo kwenikweni pa kulimbana matenda ambiri osachiritsika.

Osati mophweka

Zodabwitsa kuti hybrids wa nyama ndi anthu (photos, kusonyeza maganizo a iwo onse, onani. Mmunsimu) akadali zotheka, ngati malamulo majini a DNA ndi chilengedwe pafupifupi zamoyo zonse. Mwachitsanzo, mapuloteni ndi apanga maselo a kavalo chimodzimodzi mofanana anthu. Komabe, si mophweka: kuyesera kupanga hybrid, umayenera kudutsamo kuchuluka yaikulu polakwitsalakwitsa, funso n'lakuti, Kodi anthu ambiri amafuna nsembe kuti, Mwachitsanzo, mermaid. Zingatenge kwambiri yaitali kuposa Zingaoneke koyamba.

Ndi ndi zazing'ono kuwonjezera majini anthu mu nyama ndi zomera, ndi ndithu chinthu china - pa mwake. Koma ena majini kudziwa yekha mapuloteni makamaka, iwo sangakhoze zamatsenga kusandutsa thupi mu chinachake chosiyana kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, chimeric chilombo. Ena majini amapanga mbali yaing'ono chabe ya ndife ndani, ndipo ndani ndi galu kapena modabwitsa. Mtundu munthu zimadalira zosiyanasiyana zambiri ndi ofanana ndi chibadwa wina ndi mzake kuti ali mmatumba mu akonzedwa zovuta mayunitsi zinchito zomwe zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu munthu wa zamoyo.

hybrids munthu nyama: dzina la cholengedwa ku mawonedwe a sayansi?

Kuyambira mfundo za sayansi view, nkhani imatengedwa kunja mawu a zopeka ndi nthano. Mu moyo weniweniwo, chilengedwe cha zolengedwa monga hybrids wa nyama ndi anthu, kodi nkhani ya zokambirana malamulo, makhalidwe ndi njira zamakono pa nkhani ya zomwe atsopano m'munda wa kukonza majini. Kodi ndiyenera kuchita izo konse? Kodi kudzipereka kwa zilakolako lizikwaniritsa anthu ndi kudzikonda kusintha? Chotero wosakanizidwa anthu a nyama otchedwa "Para munthu." Iwo akufotokoza za hybrids cytoplasmic - cybrid.

Monga zitsanzo za interspecific hybrids ubwenzi

Interspecies ubwenzi mu nyama, komanso pakati pa anthu ndi ziweto zawo amapereka muzu zoyambirira za kutchuka zolengedwa. M'nthano zosiyanasiyana m'mbiri panali ambiri hybrids odziwika bwino, kuphatikizapo kukhala mbali ya Iguputo ndi Indian wauzimu. Malinga ndi mmodzi mwa chithunzicho ndi wasayansi Pietro Gaetto, "ziphunzitso za hybrids anthu a nyama nthawi zonse chiyambi chawo mu chipembedzo."

A hybrid ya anthu ndi nyama - mudzagwiritse monga zigawo anthu ndi nyama. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, hybrids awa akhala m'modzi wa mitu ambiri mu nkhani ya nyama padziko lonse. The palibe discontinuity kwambiri pakati pa mwamuna ndi chikhalidwe angapo a zikhalidwe chikhalidwe wakale kupereka nkhani zofunika zokhudza mbiri ya kutchuka nthano, kumene anthu ndi nyama kugona wosanganiza chifukwa chimene munthu kwasanduka china kwathunthu.

Anthu a nyama hybrids - wongopeka kapena chenicheni zotheka?

Panopa hybrids wa nyama ndi anthu , kunena zowona, zopeka otchulidwa, amene mafano kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito masewera a pakompyuta ndi otchuka sayansi mafilimu zopeka ndi mabuku. Anayambitsa hybrids ali ndi maudindo osiyana, kuchokera sasonyeza anthu wamba, ngwazi ZOOPSA kuti la Mulungu. Pankhani zikhulupiriro zakale ndi nthano, ndiye inu mukhoza kupeza nambala yaikulu hybrids, monga Pan - mulungu Agiriki, amene akuimirira zakutchire ndi mosadziletsa chikhalidwe kupembedza alenje, asodzi ndi abusa. Izi wopulupudza mokondwera khalidwe ali miyendo yakumbuyo ndi ziboda ndi nyanga ya mbuzi, ndi zina maonekedwe ake ndithu akufanana ndi anthu. Wina odziwika bwino m'nthano hybrid ndi mulungu Aigupto imfa dzina lake Anubis.

Mu nthano Chinese, umulungu ndi dzina Chu Pa-Tse pa milandu awo, ndiponso zochita mwachisawawa atathamangitsidwa kumwamba. Mosazindikira, iye afika mu chiberekero cha nkhumba kenako anabadwa theka munthu, theka nkhumba, ndi mutu nkhumba ndi makutu molumikizana ndi thupi la munthu. Akamanena lamkati la hybrid izi m'nthano sasintha kwa bwino.

Pambuyo akupha ndipo amadya mayi ake ndi abale ake, porcine chilombo wapeza chitetezo kumapiri, kumene anatha masiku ake kusaka apaulendo anthu osadziŵa amene sali mwayi wokwanira kuti njira yake. Komabe, chifukwa cha khama la mulungu wabwino Guan Yin, ulendo wopita ku China, anakopa ayambe njira yodalirika ndi kudzozedwa wansembe.

Zatsopano kulenga mazira hybrid

Kodi n'zotheka kuti alenge wosakanizidwa wa munthu ndi nyama? Ndisanaumbidwe hybrid ndi osakaniza a zimakhala anthu ndi nyama. Pali mitundu ingapo ya mazira hybrid, mwachitsanzo, mazira cytoplasmic analengedwa posamutsa mtima munali DNA kwa maselo a anthu, dzira nyama amene mwini majini zambiri wakhala kale kuchotsedwa. The m'mimba mwakula mu labu kwa masiku angapo, ndiye kumapita kulenga maselo tsinde. Yotsirizira angakhale ena mitundu ya minofu.

Njira imeneyi kupanga selo tsinde ntchito maphunziro a matenda osiyanasiyana ndipo ankaona zabwino zina mazira yakuthupi ya anthu, zilipo zambiri yochepa, mosiyana ndi nyama. Asayansi sakufuna kwenikweni kulenga wosakanizidwa anthu a nyama, mngelo angathe ufulu.

Kuwopsa kusakanikirana zinthu majini

The kusanganikirana zakuthupi anthu ndi nyama majini kungachititse ngozi ya kulenga matenda atsopano, koma patsogolo malowa angakhale ndi phindu lalikulu kwa anthu m'njira lonse. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena izi basi foni, osati chenicheni. Izi amapewa kugwiritsa ntchito mazira anthu kafukufuku. Chopereka majini a mwana wosabadwayo nyama kwakung'ono kuti ndi lofunikira Ndisanaumbidwe anthu (99.9%). Popeza iwowa sichinayambe opangidwa ndi thandizo la umuna anthu, izo sizingakhoze kuonedwa ngati munthu.

ufulu wa anthu ndi nyama ali sanaphwanye, kuyambira mwana wosabadwayo sudzakhalanso kuloledwa kukhala munthu kapena nyama anthu. Akatswiri nawo kuyanjana ndi DNA nyama zosiyana 70s, koma lingaliro la kuyambitsa majini nyama anthu amakhalabe taboo. Ndi kuphwanya malamulo oletsa izi mwina pamapeto, osati kupulumutsa anthu ku ambiri matenda, komanso kuti thunthu kusintha maganizo athu lonse.

Transgenesis akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito angapo maselo munthu ndipo lonse chamoyo. hybrids munthu nyama (otchedwa "Chimera" anagwiritsidwa ntchito Agiriki), umatchedwanso chikhalidwe transgenic, lomwe m'tsogolo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mawerengeredwe matenda enieni anthu, kupanga zipangizo zatsopano, nsalu ndi zambiri. Pafupi zaka makumi anai zapitazo, akatswiri aphunzira kunyamula ndi kusintha chibadwa cha nyama ndi zomera. Kufikira tsopano, funso n'lakuti maganizo ntchito zakuthupi anthu, makamaka pa malo abwino ndi chikumbumtima.