Nobel Prize opambana Russia ndi Soviet Union mu sayansi, zachuma, ndi mabuku

Mphoto Nobel ndi kupereka pachaka Stockholm (Sweden) ndi Oslo (Norway). Amaonedwa zapamwamba kwambiri mphoto lonse. Kukhazikika awo Alfred Nobel - ndi Swedish zatsopano, zilankhulo, tycoon, zaumunthu ndi nzeru za anthu. Iye anapita mu mbiri monga anayambitsa dynamite (umene okhala mu 1867), zatenganso mbali mu chitukuko mafakitale lathuli. Mu analemba ndi Alfred Nobel pangano anauzidwa kuti ndalama zake zonse zopanda thumba, cholinga chimene - awarding mphatso za amene anakwanitsa kubweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu.

The Prize Nobel

Prize kupereka lero mu minda zimapangidwira, sayansi, mankhwala, mabuku. Komanso kupereka Mtendere Prize.

Russian Nobel laureates mabuku, sayansi ndi zachuma Adzaperekedwa m'nkhani ino. Inu timudziwe bwino biographies awo, atulukira ndiponso achita.

Nobel mtengo ndi okwera. Mu 2010, kukula kwake inali pafupifupi $ oposa 1.5 miliyoni.

The Nobel Foundation anakhazikitsidwa mu 1890.

Russian Nobel Prize Laureates

dziko lathu ayenera kunyadira maina anamuyamikira m'minda ya sayansi, mabuku ndi zachuma. Nobel Prize opambana Russia ndi Soviet Union m'madera awa motere:

• Bunin I. A. (mabuku) - 1933.
• Cherenkov P. A., Frank I. M. ndi Tamm I. E. (sayansi) - 1958.
• Pasternak BL (mabuku) - 1958.
• Landau L. D. (sayansi) - 1962.
• Basov N. G. ndi Prohorov A. M. (sayansi) - 1964.
• Sholohov M. A. (Literature) - 1965.
• Solzhenitsyn AI (mabuku) - 1970.
• Kantorovich L. V. (zachuma) - 1975.
• Kapitsa PL (sayansi) - 1978.
• Brodskiy I. A. (mabuku) - 1987.
• Alferov Zh I. (sayansi) -. 2000.
• Abrikosov A. A. ndi Ginzburg, L. (sayansi) - 2003;
• Andre Geim ndi Novoselov Konstantin (sayansi) - 2010.

List mwachiyembekezo adzapitirira zaka wotsatira. Nobel Prize opambana Russia ndi Soviet Union, mayina umene ife pamwambawo anali kuperekedwa mokwanira, koma m'madera monga sayansi, mabuku ndi zachuma. Komanso, atsogoleri a m'dziko lathu sankawabisira mankhwala ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, zimapangidwira, ndipo analandira mphoto ziwiri pa dziko. Koma kwa iwo, tidzakambirana nthawi ina kachiwiri.

Nobel laureates mu Physics

asayansi ambiri m'dziko lathu anapatsidwa ichi mphoto yapamwamba. Tiuzeni zambiri za ena a iwo.

Tamm Igor Evgenevich

Tamm Igor Evgenevich (1895-1971) anabadwa mu Vladivostok. Iye anali mwana wa injiniya aboma. Pa chaka, ine ndinali mu Scotland ku yunivesite ya Edinburgh, koma kenako anabwerera kwawo ndipo anamaliza mu 1918 ku mphamvu ya Physics. Tsogolo wasayansi anapita kutsogolo mu First World nkhondo, kumene iye anali m'bale wa chifundo. Mu 1933 anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii, ndipo patatha chaka, mu 1934, anakhala kafukufuku pa Institute of Physics. Lebedev. wasayansi ameneyu anali kugwira ntchito m'minda ya sayansi, omwe pang'ono kuphunzira. Choncho, iye anaphunzira relativistic (ie, kugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso zotchuka relativity, akufuna Albertom Eynshteynom) zimango kwadzidzidzi ndi chiphunzitso cha phata atomiki. Mu 30s wake mochedwa anakwanitsa pamodzi ndi I. M. Frankom kufotokoza zotsatira za Cherenkov-Vavilov - buluu madzimadzi chowala chimene chimachitika mchikakamizo cheza Popanga madzi a gamma. Ndi maphunziro amenewa analandiranso ya Nobel Prize. Koma Tamm zikayenda chachikulu pa sayansi ankaona ntchito pa kuphunzira particles pulayimale ndi mtima atomiki.

Landau Lev Davidovich

Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) anabadwira ku Baku. bambo ake ankagwira ntchito yoyendetsa mafuta. Pa zaka khumi ndi zitatu, wasayansi m'tsogolo maphunziro a ukachenjede ulemu, ndi pa naintini, mu 1927, anamaliza University Leningrad. Lev Davidovich anapitiriza maphunziro ake kunja monga mmodzi wa ophunzira ambiri aluso maphunziro mu Voucher Commissar. Apa iye nawo misonkhano imachitika mwa kuwatsogolera sayansi European - Paul Dirac ndi Max Anabadwa. Landau kunyumba anapitiriza maphunziro ake. Mu zaka 26, izo zafika mlingo wa Doctor wa Science, ndipo patatha chaka anakhala katswiri. Pamodzi ndi Lifshitsem Evgeniem Mihaylovichem, mmodzi wa ophunzira ake, iye anayamba N'zoona kuti ophunzira maphunziro ndi maphunziro a digiri yoyamba mu sayansi ongolankhula. P. L. Kapitsa anaitanidwa Lva Davidovicha kugwira ntchito anayambitsa wake, koma miyezi ingapo wasayansi mu 1937 pa chidzudzulo onyenga anamangidwa. Chaka chonse analibe chiyembekezo cha kupulumutsidwa ku ndende, ndi maumboni okha Stalin Kapitsa anapulumutsa miyoyo ya moyo wake: Landau linatulutsidwa.

Talente wasayansi anali m'zigawozigawo. Iye anafotokoza chodabwitsa fluidity ya helium madzi, analenga zamoyo zakumwa kwadzidzidzi ndi kuphunzira oscillations wa elekitironi plasma.

Prohorov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich

Prohorov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich ndi Basov Nikolay Gennadevich, Russian Nobel Prize opambana mu sayansi ya sayansi, analandira izi mphoto yapamwamba chifukwa cha kutulukira laser lapansi.

Prokhorov anabadwa mu Australia mu 1916, pamene makolo ake ankakhala kuyambira 1911. Iwo anali ku Siberia ndi boma tsarist, kenako adathawa kunja. Mu 1923, banja anabwerera wasayansi m'tsogolo Soviet Union. Alexander maphunziro ulemu kwa Physics Dipatimenti ya University Leningrad ndi ntchito kuyambira 1939 mu Institute. Lebedev. Robert sayansi zokhudzana ndi sayansi wailesi. wasayansi The adatengedwa mu 1950 ndi wailesi-pafupipafupi kafukufuku wazamawalidwe molumikizana ndi Basovym Nikolaem Gennadevichem anayamba otchedwa masers - oscillators maselo. Ndiyamika Kutulukira imeneyi, apeza njira ina kulenga mphepo kulimbikira. Maphunziro amenewa, kaya anzawo Soviet imachitikira ndi Charlz Tauns, ndi wasayansi American, kotero mamembala komiti anafuna kugawana mphoto imeneyi pakati pa iye ndi asayansi Soviet.

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich

mndandanda akupitiriza "Russian Nobel laureates mu sayansi". Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (1894-1984) anabadwa mu Kronstadt. Bambo ake anali munthu wankhondo, mkulu-General ndi amake - wokhometsa wa folklore ndi mphunzitsi wotchuka kwambiri. PL Kapitsa mu 1918 maphunziro Institute ku St. Petersburg, kumene anaphunzitsidwa pansi Ioffe Abrama Fedorovicha, ndi wasayansi kwambiri. M'nkhani ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi Kuukira sikunali kotheka kuchita sayansi. mkazi Kapitsa ndi awiri a ana ake anamwalira pa Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi mliri. Wasayansi anasamukira ku England mu 1921. Apa anagwira ntchito wotchuka Cambridge University Center ndi mlangizi wake wasayansi Ernest Rutherford, ndi wasayansi wotchuka. Mu 1923, Peter Leonidovich anakhala katswiri wa sayansi, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri - membala wa Utatu College - mwayi kucheza ndi asayansi.

Pyotr Leonidovich ntchito makamaka sayansi experimental. Makamaka chidwi cryogenics. Makamaka maphunziro ake ku UK ndi thandizo la Rutherford Laboratory inamangidwa, ndi 1934, wasayansi walenga yowalongera unsembe kwa liquefaction wa helium. Petr Leonidovich mu zaka ankakonda kunyumba, ndipo pamaulendo mtsogoleri wa Soviet kukopa wasayansi kukhalabe. M'zaka 1930-1934 ngakhale mwapadera anamanga zasayansi mu dziko kwa iye. Mapeto chabe sadatulutsidwe Soviet Union pa ulendo wotsatira. Choncho Kapitsa anapitiriza maphunziro ake kale apa, ndipo iye anali wokhoza mu 1938 kutsegula chodabwitsa superfluidity. Pakuti ichi mu 1978 anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize.

Andre Geim ndi Novoselov Konstantin

Andre Geim ndi Novoselov Konstantin, Russian Nobel Prize opambana mu sayansi, analandira mphoto imeneyi aulemu mu 2010 chifukwa chotulukira wake wa graphene. Izi ndi zinthu zatsopano zimene zimathandiza inu kuonjezera kwambiri liwiro la ntchito intaneti. Mwamwayi, zikhoza analanda ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ngati zamagetsi kuchuluka kwa kuwala nthawi 20 kuposa zipangizo zirizonse kale kudziwika. kupezeka unalembedwa 2004. Choncho anali aposa mndandanda wa "Russian Nobel laureates cha m'ma 21."

Prize chifukwa Literature

Dziko lathu wakhala wotchuka chifukwa zilandiridwenso ake luso. Anthu ndi ziphunzitso zina otsutsana ndi maganizo - Russian Nobel laureates mabuku. Choncho, A. I. Solzhenitsyn ndi I. A. Bunin ankatsutsa wa Soviet Union. Koma M. A. Sholohov ankadziwika monga chikominisi olimbikira. Komabe, opambana onse a Nobel Prize Russia anali ogwirizana ndi umodzi - talente. Kwa iye, iwo anali anthu olemekezeka ndi mphoto imeneyi yapamwamba. "Ndi angati Nobel Prize opambana mabuku mu Russia?" - mupempha. Yankho: pali asanu okha. Tsopano ife timathandiza kuti ena a iwo.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) anabadwira ku Moscow m'banja la Leonida Osipovicha Pasternaka, ndi wojambula wotchuka. Mayi wa wolemba tsogolo Rosalía Isidorovna, anali ndi luso limba. Mwina ndiye chifukwa chake Boris Leonidovich monga mwana analota za ntchito wolemba, iye anaphunzira nyimbo pa kwambiri Skryabina A. N. Koma chikondi cha ndakatulo anapambana. Boris Leonidovich kutchuka anabweretsa ndakatulo ndi buku "Doctor Zhivago", zoyenera tsogolo la anzeru Russian, anali anamuweruza kuti kowopsya kwa. chakuti akonzi a magazini zolembalemba, zomwe wolemba anapereka mapepala ake, ntchito imatengedwa odana Soviet ndipo anakana kufalitsa izo. Ndiye Boris Leonidovich anapatsa zolengedwa zake kunja ku Italy, kumene inasindikizidwa mu 1957. Soviet anzake mfundo za buku la buku mu West mwamphamvu anatsutsidwa ndi Boris Leonidovich anachotsedwa pa Writers 'Union. Koma buku limeneli anamuika kukhala wopambana Nobel mphoto. Popeza 1946, wolemba ndi ndakatulo asankha chifukwa mphoto imeneyi, koma kupereka yekha mu 1958.

The awarding wa mphoto imeneyi yapamwamba kwa lino, monga ambiri, mankhwala a dziko odana Soviet ali akuluakulu anakwiya. Chifukwa, BL akufuna anamuponya kunja kwa Soviet Union anakakamizika kuletsa kulandira Nobel Prize. Patapita zaka 30 Evgeny, mwana wa mlembi wamkulu, atate wake analandira Mendulo ndi diploma.

Solzhenitsyn dzina lake Aleksandr Isaevich

Tsoka la Solzhenitsyna Aleksandra Isaevicha anali chimodzimodzi zochitikazi ndipo chidwi. Iye anabadwa mu 1918 Kislovodsk, ndi ubwana ndi zaka zoyambirira za tsogolo Nobel zinachitika mu Rostov pa-Don ndi Novocherkassk. Titamaliza mphamvu ya Physics ndi Masamu pa Rostov University dzina lake Aleksandr Isaevich anali mphunzitsi ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, mu absentia anaphunzitsidwa mu Moscow, pa Institute zolembalemba. Pambuyo chiyambi cha Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, wopambana tsogolo mphoto zapamwamba mtendere anapita kutsogolo.

Solzhenitsyn, patangotsala nkhondo, anamangidwa. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kutsutsa wa Iosifa Stalina maadiresi anapeza mu makalata a wolemba kufufuza asilikali. Only mu 1953, pambuyo pa imfa ya Iosifa Vissarionovicha, iye anamasulidwa. Magazini "New World" mu 1962 anafalitsa buku loyamba ndi wolemba ili ndi mutu wakuti "Tsiku lina Ivana Denisovicha", limene likusimba za moyo wa anthu mumsasa. Zolembalemba magazini ambiri a zotsatirazi ntchito za Solzhenitsyn kusindikiza anakana. chifukwa kuwatcha odana Soviet lathu. Koma dzina lake Aleksandr Isaevich sanafooke. Iye, monga Pasternak anatumiza kunja mipukutu, kumene iwo afalitsa. Mu 1970, Mphoto Nobel mu Literature anali kupereka kwa iye. Pa mwambo mphoto mu Stockholm wolemba sindinali, chifukwa boma la Soviet iye saloledwa kutuluka m'dziko muno. Mu Soviet Union sankandilola, ndi anthu a Komiti ya Nobel, ati m'manja wopambana mphoto kwawo.

Pankhani tsoka la wolemba, ndiye mu 1974 anachotsedwa dziko. Poyamba iye ankakhala mu Switzerland, kenako anasamukira ku US kumene iye anali ndi anapereka mochedwa kwambiri Nobel Prize. Mu West, inasindikizidwa ntchito zake amadziwika ngati "Archipelago Gulag" "The mawu oyamba," "Cancer Ward." Solzhenitsyn mu 1994 anabwerera ku Russia.

Awa ndi Nobel laureates Russia. List lowonjezera ndi dzina lina, amene sangakhoze kulephera kutchula.

Sholohov Mihail Aleksandrovich

Ife angakuuzeni za limodzi mwa Wamkulu olemba kukonda dziko lako - Sholohove Mihaile Aleksandroviche. Chilango anali wosiyana kuposa adani a ulamuliro wa Soviet Union (Pasternak ndi Solzhenitsyn), chifukwa amathandiza boma. Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) anabadwa mu Don. Iye anafotokoza ndiye Veshenskaia, kwawo yaing'ono, mu ntchito zambiri. Mikhail Sholokhov anamaliza 4 sukulu. Iye anatenga mbali mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni zinachititsa kuti kusankha surpluses tirigu wolemera Cossacks suborder. Wolemba tsogolo kale unyamata wake anamva kuyitanidwa kwake. Mu 1922, iye anafika kwa Moscow, ndi miyezi ingapo nayamba kulalikira ku magazini ndi nyuzipepala nkhani zawo zoyamba. Mu 1926, panali zopereka za "azure steppe" ndi "Don nkhani". Mu 1925 anayamba ntchito pa buku "Ndipo Matama Umayenda ya Don" anadzipereka ku moyo wa Cossacks mu nthawi yovuta (Civil nkhondo, kuukira boma, nkhondo I). Mu 1928 kudali kuyatsa gawo loyamba la ntchito uyu, ndipo 30s wa inatha nakhala pamwamba kulenga Sholokhov. Mu 1965, wolemba kupereka Mphoto Nobel mu Literature.

Russian Nobel laureates in Economics

Dziko lathu m'munda yasonyeza kuti si wamkulu kwambiri monga mabuku ndi sayansi, pamene pali zambiri laureates Russian. Prize mu zachuma akali kokha munthu wa compatriot wathu. Tiuzeni za izo.

Kantorovich Leonid Vitalevich

Russian laureates Nobel mu zachuma ndi dzinalo chimodzi chokha. Kantorovich Leonid Vitalevich (1912-1986) ndi zachuma yekha wa Russia kuti kupereka mphoto imeneyi. Iye anabadwa wasayansi m'banja adokotala St. Petersburg. Makolo ake pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni, anathawira ku Belarus, komwe anakhala chaka. Vitaly Kantorowicz, bambo Kantorovich anamwalira mu 1922. Mu 1926, wasayansi tsogolo analowa zatchulidwazi University Leningrad, kumene anaphunzitsidwa, kuwonjezera sayansi zachilengedwe, mbiri yofanana ndi chuma ndale, masamu. Mphamvu ya Masamu ndi maphunziro pa zaka 18, mu 1930. Pambuyo Kantorovich anakhalabe pa yunivesite ya uphunzitsi. Pa 22, Leonid V. amakhala pulofesa ndi chaka chimodzi - ndi dokotala. Mu 1938 anaikidwa ku fakitale labu mlangizi plywood, kumene ntchito kulenga njira ina Kugawilidwa kwanthaka gwero kudzapeza ntchito anali ankachitika pamaso pake. Choncho idamangidwa pa njira kuponyera mapulogalamu. Mu 1960 wasayansi anasamukira ku Novosibirsk, komwe pa nthawiyo kunali kuchimake kompyuta analengedwa, patsogolo kwambiri mu dziko. Apa anapitiriza maphunziro ake. Mu Novosibirsk wasayansi moyo mpaka 1971. Nthawi imeneyi anali kupereka kwa Lenin Prize. Mu 1975 iye anali kupereka, pamodzi ndi T. Koopmans Nobel Prize, amene analandira zopereka wake ku chiphunzitso cha Kugawilidwa kwanthaka gwero.

Awa ndi waukulu Russian Nobel laureates. 2014 zinali zodzaza ndi kulandira ichi Prize Patrick Modiano (mabuku), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (sayansi). Zhan Tirol analandira mphoto m'munda wa zachuma. Pakati pawo pali Russian Nobel laureates. 2013 andzesera izi mphoto yapamwamba chifukwa mwathu muno. opindula onse anali oimira limati zina.