Ulamuliro wa mafumu. Mafumu a dziko. Mfumu malamulo. Mfumu - izi ...

mphamvu Imperial ali ndi mbiri mwachilungamo yaitali. Izo zinayambira mu Roma ku nthawi za Augustus. World mafumu anali ndi mphamvu zopanda malire, ndipo mphamvu zimenezi nthawi ina chinathandiza kukula kochuruka kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa wolamulira wa dzikoli, ndi zina zinachititsa kuti zovuta kwambiri chuma, chikhalidwe kapena ndale. Mulimonse mmene zinakhalira, mfumu unachita yaikulu mu chitukuko cha mbiri ya anthu.

Tanthauzo la "Mfumu"

Ufumu choyamba mu dziko ya ku Roma, ndipo poyamba sizinali chotero. Mu zaka za dongosolo Republican ndi mawu akuti "mfumu" amatanthauza tithe onse apamwamba, kuvekedwa ndi aboma, a asilikali kapena milandu. Izi zinaphatikizapo praetors, nthumwi, oweruza, etc. Kenako mutuwu ankagwiritsa ntchito mwachibale kwa munthu -. Bwanamkubwa wa boma - ndipo iye amatanthauza malire, mphamvu mabuku. Inde, mfumu - ndi akulamulira yekha, mawu ake ndi malamulo, zonse pansi pa iye ndi chirichonse ndi kumugonjera. No chisankho kwambiri atengedwa mu Ufumu popanda chilolezo chake kapena lamulo.

lankhondo lamphamvu

ufulu mfumu anali pafupifupi zopanda malire. Mphamvu anaikira mu manja a wolamulirayo, conventionally m'magulu atatu yotakata: aboma, a asilikali ndi zachiweruzo. Kambiranani mwachidule wachina chilichonse payokha.

Mfumu anali akuluakulu a asilikali. Kuti iye ndiye mkulu wamkulu, ndipo iye anadza asilikari onse lumbiro kaya munthu kapena fano lake.

Mafumu a chi Roma anagawira maudindo onse lamulo asilikali nzeru zake yekha. chiwerengero ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera asilikali komanso amadalira mtima wa munthu korona. Mfumu ndi ufulu kulengeza nkhondo ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere.

boma yapachiweniweni

Mfumu yoyamba Oktavian Avgust ndi kutsatira unali nazo lamanja yekha kusonkhanitsa misonkho, ndi kuika kukula kwake nzeru zake yekha. Kumaphatikizaponso nambala yaikulu misonkho, otchedwa mphatso zimene zimapezeka pafupifupi onse nzika za ufumuwo, makamaka iwo amene ali osachepera mphamvu mu manja ake.

Ndipotu, mfumu - ndiye mwini wake wa chilichonse chimene chinali pa dera la State. N'chifukwa chake iye anatha kulanda katundu wa munthu aliyense "zosowa za Ufumu." Iye yekha tikhoza alionse a chuma mosatonthozeka.

Theka la zigawo za ufumuwo anali ogonjera kotheratu kwa mfumu, theka lachiwiri anali kulamulidwa ndi Senate, koma kwenikweni kunapezeka kuti maiko ndi Senate anali katswiri wathunthu wa mwayekha, ndi zigawo munthu kudutsa nkhope zawo.

Mfumu anali ndalama ufulu aliyense nzika ya Roma. Pa nthawi yomweyo anachita mpukutu wapamwamba m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu a makhalidwe ndi moyo wapadera wa Aroma. E. Iye akanakhoza kugonjetsa zinsinsi za nzika iliyonse, ndipo aliyense anasangalala udindo pa anthu, limene Amupatsanso kazembeyo.

ulamuliro achipembedzo

Mfumu wa Roma - pontifi wamkulu. A nambala yaikulu zikhulupiriro anafalikira gawo lalikulu la ufumuwo, anali pa chifundo cha kazembe, kuphatikizapo ku Roma yokha. Monga amadziwika, izo poyamba anali wachikunja ufumu, koma pa nthawi chipembedzo zitatuzi - Christianity - anatsimikizidwa boma. Mfumu kuwataya machitidwe onse achipembedzo, powonjezera, iye anapatsidwa ufulu wokwanira kuyang'aniridwa pa kalasi waukulu wa ansembe.

zakuweluzidwa kwa milandu

Mfumu anali woweruza wamkulu pa ufumu waukulu. Court ndi ulamuliro komaliza, titero. The zochitidwa ndi kazembe, samakhoza kutsatira pamtima.

Komanso Anapatsidwa mphamvu zokonza malamulo, ngakhale mwayi umenewu ndiwo moyo pokhapokha kukondweretsa Senate. Komabe, mfumu akhoza kumupatsa zokhazikitsa kapena malamulo ndi mphamvu ya lamulo anthu lonse.

M'madera kazembe zapita ulamuliro wake milandu abwanamkubwa - kazembe, amene anachita m'malo ake kokha chidwi awo.

Mutu wa Augustus, Mfumu kapena anthu osankhidwa ndi Mulungu

Payokha, tiyenera kutchula mafumu osankhidwa ndi Mulungu. Mwalamulo, mutu anapatsidwa yekha Octavian, koma August anayitanidwa olamulira onse wotsatira wa ufumu. Kodi dzina limeneli?

August - uyu si munthu waudindo, cholengedwa wopatulika. Mfumu - ndi mthenga wa Mulungu, pa mfundo, zinawululidwa ndi Mulungu kulamulira nkhani. mutu wa mfumu anatanthauza wolamulira mphamvu, mutu wa August anatanthauza chiyero chake. Motero, mfumu anali akuluakulu Mulungu. nkhani anali kuchitira mfumuyo monga mulungu, umene ndi chifukwa subordination wa zokhazikitsa yachifumu ndi zinthu zina anali silinatchulidwe, ngati ife kuganizira mfundo yakuti chikhulupiriro chozama pafupifupi anthu onse a ufumuwo.

A mwachidule mbiri

Kunanenedwa pamwamba kuti mphamvu lachifumu unachokera mu ufumu wa Roma, ndipo anakhala mfumu yoyamba Octavian analandira udindo Augustus. M'chaka 395 BC. e. The ufumu wa Aroma unagawidwa East ndi West. Nawonso West unagwa mu 476. Komabe, kum'mawa Roma inatenga zaka 1,000 zapitazo, ndipo ilo linali wolowa mphamvu wachifumu. Ilo ndi gawo la East, anadzatchedwa Byzantine, kulamulidwa ndi mafumu.

Ulamuliro wa mafumu mu West, anatsitsimuka mu 800, pamene mutuwu anali Karl Veliky, ndipo kenako Otto I (mu 962). Kenako mutu wa Mfumu chagona pa olamulira a mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo France ndi wotchuka Napoleon, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Brazil, Mexico ndi ena. Mfumukazi Victoria mu 1876 anapatsidwa u Mfumukazi ya India.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mphamvu lachifumu analipo osati chikhalidwe European, komanso mu Asia ndi Africa. Mu mabuku amene angathe kuwerenga kuti olamulira a China, Siam, Ethiopia, Turkey, Japan ndi Morocco anatchula osati monga mafumu.

Mafumu Russia

Mawu mfumu ya chinenero cha Chirasha linachoka ku chi Herene, mwachitsanzo. E. Kuchokera Ufumu wa Byzantine, pokhalabe kufunika kwake. original Baibulo ake - "Kaisara", "Cesar" - pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi bwino kwa ife, akuti "mfumu".

Mfumu yoyamba anavekedwa tsar mu Russia, anali John IV, lomwe olemba mbiri European anamucha choipitsitsa kwa nkhanza ankaimbidwa woipa mtima. Anakhala mfumu mu 1547, ndipo boma anaitana ufumu Russian ndipo zinakhala pansi dzina mpaka 1721.

Romanov, anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1613, komanso mafumu, koma osati onse, ndi kokha Michael, Alex, Theodore, Yohane V, Sophia ndi Peter ine 1721.

tsars Russian ndi mafumu Anapatsidwa malire, ndi mphamvu zonse, tsono, nthawi ya ulamuliro awo amatchedwa nyengo absolutism.

Mutu wa tsars Russian anali wotetezedwa ndi tanthauzo wopatulika, nawonso, anali wodzozedwa wa Mulungu ndi zinthu ngati dzina la Mulungu. N'chifukwa chake mafumu, mafumu ndipo kenako anali inextricably anasonyeza chikhulupiriro Orthodox, osati mwamwayi Russia, amene anagonjetsa mphamvu ya mafumu, analengeza nkhondo ziphunzitso - amadziwa za vuto limene ofuna chipembedzo, ndi kumvetsetsa zomwe ndi mbali wolamulira woyenera wa Russia.

mafumu Russian

Otsiriza Russian tsar ndipo mfumu yoyamba inali Peter I. kunali pa iye 1721, anapatsidwa udindo wa Mfumu ya boma Russian. mphamvu zake zinali zopanda malire n'kukafika ku madera onse a mphamvu ndi anthu. Iye ndi mtsogoleri wamkulu, ndipo analengedwa mwapamwamba nthambi wamba, malamulo ndi wamkulu.

Ulamuliro wa mafumu ufumu ankaimira Romanov mafumu, umene unali mu mphamvu zaka 300 - kuchokera 1613 mpaka 1917. Panthawi imeneyi, boma lakwaniritsa bwino ngati yomwe yakhala mtsogoleri mu vuto la zachuma. The Russian unali wa mayiko amphamvu okha pa nthawi. Pali maganizo a akuluakulu, olemba mbiri olemekezedwa kuti Russia anawononga chitukuko, kuopseza States zina atsogoleri, makamaka Britain ndi United States. Mafumu Russian anali kwenikweni dziko lawo la dziko lawo ndiponso anthu awo, iwo kuchita zonse kuonetsetsa kuti boma kuchuluka, ndipo adakula muyezo wa nzika wamoyo. Otsiriza Russian Mfumu de A facto Nicholas II, amene de A jure - Mihail Aleksandrovich, m'bale wake.

Nyengo ya ufumu ulamuliro sali pa panobe. Panopa yekha Mfumu Akihito mu dziko - wolamulira wa Japan. Iye anavekedwa 12 November 1990 ku nthaŵi 82 wazaka mfumu nambala 125 amagwira ntchito yake.