Yosavuta zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu, makhalidwe ndi tanthauzo la losavuta

nyama amaonedwa kwambiri wosazindikira zokhala ndi selo imodzi zamoyo ali mamembala a ufumu. Iwo amapanga mtundu waukulu wa zamoyo, zosiyanasiyana zomwe tikambirana lero. The Latin dzina la mtundu uwu - mogwirizana. Popeza zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi ndi ovuta nyama osiyana (mogwirizana) ndi zomera (Protophyta), nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza gulu Protista. The zosiyanasiyana kunyanyala yosavuta. Chiwerengero chawo oposa 30 000 mitundu, ambiri amene ali ndi maso wamaliseche, chifukwa kukula salinso singano kwenikweni. Tiyeni tiyese mwachidule kufotokoza kusiyana kwa mogwirizana.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za losavuta

zamoyo zonsezi magulu 4 malingana akafuna zoyendera. Sarkodovyh (Sarcodina) akuyenderera pseudopodia ya; ali awa makamaka ufulu zamoyo analanda nyama. Flagellates (Mastigophora) amalimbikitsidwa mwa michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Sporozoa (Sporozoa), ndi kupanga Plasmodium SP, -. Mitundu Parasitic akusowa ayende maulendo zimasintha wapadera. Ciliates (Ciliata) anali amaphatikiza makamaka ufulu mawonekedwe, amene anasamukira kudzera cilia lapansi. Ofanana kakang'ono chubu ciliate Stenior, kudyetsa zomera za m'madzi amamangiriridwa pamwamba.

Monga nyama zina zonse, mogwirizana, kawirikawiri m'manja, iwo kudya zosiyanasiyana chakudya mankhwala zovuta. thupi lawo linagawanika kupereka ndi mphamvu. Onse zosiyanasiyana zofuna kumodzi malo m'madzi. Ngakhale ambiri a mitundu moyo mu madzi m'madzi kapena mwatsopano, ambiri a iwo ndi parasitic moyo nyama apamwamba, kuphatikizapo anthu, kumene amachita chifukwa cha matenda osiyanasiyana. The zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana tizilombo lalikulu.

flagellates

Ndi flagellar mitundu iwiri - Euglena ndi Chlamydomonas, oimira amene ali wotchedwa chlorophyll choncho angathe photosynthesis. Mulinso ndi flagellates oti muli nazo zida (Dinoflagellata), atavala mapadi kapisozi ndipo ndinu gawo la zomera ndi. munthuyo amakhala, kuchititsa kaodzera, ndi parasitic mawonekedwe Trypanosoma (onani chithunzi m'munsimu).

sarkodovyh

Sarkodovyh - gulu lina, limene ambiri mitundu zanu. zosiyanasiyana Zonsezi ndi zovuta chabe pofotokoza, kotero tiyeni tinene mawu ochepa za wotchuka kwambiri. Tonse tili bwino sarkodovyh izi woimira sukulu ndi ufulu okhala- Amoeba proteus (onani chithunzi m'munsimu). Amoeba - tating'ono nyama limabweretsa mtundu waukulu mogwirizana, amene anachuluka kulikonse chinyezi ndithu.

Miyeso osiyanasiyana tosaoneka tiziromboti Babesia magazi foraminifera lalikulu, amene zipolopolo masentimita 5 m'litali.

Pod, Dory ndi sporozoans

Pod (Radiolaria) ndi Dory (Heliozoa) ndi mafupa wa silika. Choncho, nthawi zina amatengedwa ndi ntchito monga chuma ndi abrasive. Akuponya ya malamulo okwana kusintha Sporozoa kuonetsa digiri yapamwamba ya pachilichonse, amene sasiyana zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana. Parasitic mogwirizana - mitundu yonse ya iwo. Choncho sporozoans alibe organelles wofunikila poyenda ndi mphamvu: iwo safuna kusuntha, ndipo iwo metabolize chakudya kale m'mimba. moyo wawo mkombero Chili siteji, kuswana onse asexually ndi kugonana, chifukwa mu mapangidwe spores kuti zingabweretse mazana ambiri a anthu.

Ciliate-slipper

Paramecium (ciliate-nsapato) - apadera zokhala ndi selo imodzi nyama. Pa izo ndithudi akuyenera kuuzidwa pofotokoza zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana m'madzi. Wosanjikiza kunja kwa nkhani cha ndende - ectoplasm - okha wandiweyani chipolopolo kunyamula kuchuluka cilia ting'onoting'ono. yolongosoka awo rhythmic kunyanyala kulola nyama kusuntha. Peristome amatsogolera mu outgrowth akhungu - pakhosi atazungulira endoplasm granular. Chakudya particles zimalowa pakhosi kudzera ciliary kuyenda kenako amagwa vacuole lapansi. Nkhani za vacuoles m'mimba, akusuntha mu endoplasm chosinkhasinkha michere. zotsala Undigested ali ejected kudzera poroshitsu. bwino madzi anakhalabe cha ntchito yabwino ya vacuoles awiri kugunda. Wa mtima awiri akuluakulu (macronucleus) kugwirizana ndi kagayidwe wa khungu, ndi kochepa (micronucleus) kumafuna pochita zogonana.

Plasmodium vivax

Taonani mtundu wina wodziwika pofotokoza zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana. mogwirizana Parasitic achuluka, koma tiziromboti malungo amapereka makamaka mavuto kwa anthu. Plasmodium vivax, kulowa m'magazi anthu pambuyo kuluma udzudzu wake wamkazi Anopheles, likulowerera m'zipinda chiwindi, kumene kuchulukana. Pamene inu zichoke maselo akhudzidwa plasmodium ndi kupatsira atsopano. Ndiye anayambitsa mobwerezabwereza maselo ofiira, kuchulukitsa iwo ndi kuwononga. Pomaliza, pali amuna ndi maselo wamkazi (gametocytes). Kupeza magazi udzudzu wina, gametocytes wamwamuna agawidwa mu mimba yake, kupanga gametes. Chochokera ku pophatikizana - ndi zygote - pali latsopano plasmodium, ozama mu zopangitsa malovu a udzudzu. Ndi mkombero imadzibwereza yokha.

kubalana losavuta

Pamene asexual kubalana wa mogwirizana agawidwa mu theka, kupanga anthu awiri. Chigawo otere athanzi maselo likuthandiza protoplasm ndi phata. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awiri ofanana maselo mwana wamkazi. M'mikhalidwe akumane ena flagellates ndi secrete sarkodovyh wandiweyani impermeable m'chimake zoteteza (chotupa) imene selo likhoza kugawikana. Pamene jekeseni zinthu zabwino chotupa anawonongedwa, ndipo pali anthu amene kubereka asexually.

kubereka njira zosavuta ndi yosiyanasiyana. Paramecium, mwachitsanzo, mwa conjugation kuchulukana: anthu awiri za thupi mizere osiyana kuphatikiza mbali, ndiyeno pambuyo fission nyukiliya ndi nyukiliya kuwombola zinthu mogwirizana. Kenako onse awiri angathe kugawana popanga mpaka eyiti (anayi) a toyesa okhudzidwa okhala mtima ndi chibadwa losanganikirana. Amoeba, kubereka asexually, lagawidwa maselo awiri wamkazi. Iwo ndi ukulu chomwecho. Pa fission kuyambira pakati, amene akukhala wamfupi ndi thicker kuoneka khromozomu; aliyense wapangidwa ndi chromatids awiri. Kugunda vacuole amakhala wogawanika, ndipo amachepetsa ake padera. Pa nthawi yomweyo popanda ndi chromatids, ndi cytoplasm akuyamba theka pereshnurovyvatsya. Mapeto magawano DNA tasiyana cytoplasm. Chifukwa maselo mwana zofanana.

mphamvu losavuta

Monga nyama zina, mogwirizana kulandira mphamvu, kudya mankhwala zovuta organic. Amoeba SP. pseudopodia analanda particles chakudya, ndipo m'mimba mu vacuoles m'mimba yokhudza michere. Paramecium SP. Kamakhala makamaka chifukwa mabakiteriya powathamangitsa mu magulu cirrus wa cilia. Trichonympha SP. Iwo amakhala m'matumbo a chiswe ndi amalidyetsa ndi zinthu zimene si chosakanikirana ndi khamu. Acineta SP. (Onani chithunzi m'munsimu) ntchito mu chakudya chokha mu mitundu ina ya ciliates, omwe nthawi zina zokulirapo kuposa iwowo.

kayendedwe

Mayendetsedwe losavuta mu njira zitatu. Sarkodovyh "ingayambe" mwa mapangidwe outgrowths protoplasm. Kayendedwe analengedwa ndi malangizo a ziliri pa njira imodzi ndi kusintha kwake endoplasmic kusintha pa periphery mu ectoplasm gelatinous. Chifukwa mmene lakuthwa wa bakiteriya udzakhalire kusuntha flagellates. ciliates The amalimbikitsidwa ndi zokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa cilia ting'onoting'ono.

Mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina

General makhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndipo basi ayenera kukhala wodzilemekeza ndi nkhani mwachidule za mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina, zimene zimachizidwa kapena kusokonezedwa ndi iwo. Pali ponse angakuperekeni m'mavuto kwa munthu, koma ndi udindo wapadera mu chirengedwe. Mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina - ndi zamoyo zing'onozing'ono pa dziko. Ngakhale mosavuta okhalapo bungwe, sinditchula iwo achikale. Iwo amatha kupulumuka zinthu chokhwima kwambiri, ndi mphamvu kwambiri kuti azolowere zinthu kusintha amawaika iwo pa ndime ndi mitundu kwambiri-patsogolo ndi bwino. Mavairasi - si maselo, chotero sangathe zikutheka limodzi tating'ono, koma mabakiteriya tinganene kuti ngati. Komabe, si kwapafupi, chifukwa iwo alibe phata. Ife angakuuzeni zambiri za iwo.

Anthu mabakiteriya

Mosiyana ndi mavairasi mabakiteriya - khungu. Komabe, iwo ali wosalira zambiri dongosolo kuposa maselo a anthu mwadongosolo zosiyanasiyana kwambiri kukula ndi mawonekedwe. mabakiteriya amapezeka paliponse. Iwo akhoza moyo ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yomwe akuletsa kuli zamoyo zina. Iwo amakomana mu nyanja, ngakhale pa akuya 9 Km. Ndi Kuwonjezeka kwa mavuto zachilengedwe mabakiteriya kupanga siteji khola mpumulo - endospores. Ndi khola ambiri zamoyo kudziwika amoyo: ena endospores sadzafa ngakhale pamene yophika.

Wa malo onse amene alipo kwambiri yowopsa - zina chamoyo. Mabakiteriya kulowa ndi zambiri kudzera bala. Koma, popeza ali mkati, iwo ayenera kulimbana ndi chitetezo cha woberedwa, makamaka ku phagocytes (maselo angathe nalanda ndi chosinkhasinkha) ndi chitetezo kuti akhoza n'chongoletsa zotsatira zoipa. Choncho ena mabakiteriya amacheza kunja mucosa ndi, invulnerable kuti phagocytes; ena pambuyo adani awo ndi phagocytes akhoza moyo; Pomaliza, wachitatu masking zokolola zinthu zimene zingawathandize kubisala pamaso ake maselo a m'thupi, ndi yamasika sabala chitetezo.

tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo ndi opindulitsa

mabakiteriya angathe kutivulaza m'njira zitatu: mwachitsanzo, blockage wa njira zosiyana kwambiri thupi chifukwa ambiri; potulutsa poizoni (poizoni nthaka bakiteriya Clostridium tetani (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) kuchititsa kafumbata, akunena za poizoni zambiri kudziwika kwa sayansi); komanso kukondoweza kwa thupi lawo siligwirizana mu akuvutika.

Ena nthawi ndi matenda ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono anali mankhwala ogwira, mabakiteriya ambiri apanga kukaniza angapo a mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Iwo kubereka msanga, kugawana zinthu zabwino aliyense mphindi 10. Izi, kumene, mwayi wa maonekedwe wa osinthika kuti ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi zina mankhwala ukuwonjezeka. Koma si onse mabakiteriya kukhalamo zamoyo zina, zili zoipa. Mwachitsanzo, kapepala kakuti m'mimba ya ng'ombe, nkhosa kapena mbuzi ali wapadera dipatimenti - chipsera, imene kwambiri mabakiteriya amakhala kuti thandizo nyama kudya chomeracho CHIKWANGWANI.

mycoplasma

Mycoplasma - zazing'ono zamoyo zonse ma ndi mwina, ndi gawo Transitional pakati mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya - zopezeka mu chikhalidwe mu madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, koma zingakhudze nyama ndi kuwachititsa matenda monga Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya nyamakazi nkhumba.

kutanthauza mabakiteriya

Chifukwa cha zinthu izi kuwola ndinso matupi ndipo anabwerera ku nthaka ali m'bukuli organic. Popanda dongosolo zonse kumanga zamoyo sipangakhalenso mayunitsi. Munthu ntchito yofunika ya mabakiteriya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akatembenuka zipangizo zinyalala mu mankhwala othandiza pa composting, kupanga tchizi, batala, vinyo wosasa.

pomaliza

Monga mukuonera, zosiyanasiyana ndi mtengo wa wophweka kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti makulidwe awo ndi ochepa, iwo mbali yofunika kwambiri mu moyo padziko lathuli. Ndithudi, ife mwachidule pofotokoza zosiyanasiyana protozoans. Tikukhulupirira kuti ankafunitsitsa kuti kuzidziwa. Systematics ndi kuchuluka kwa losavuta - chidwi ndi yotakata mutu.