Dongosolo Westphalian. Kutha kwa dongosolo Westphalian ndi mapangidwe latsopano kuti dziko

Westphalian dongosolo - njira kwa khalidwe la ndondomeko lonse, kukhazikitsidwa ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma XVII. Ndi maziko a mgwirizano zamakono m'mayiko awiriwa ndi linapereka mapangidwe latsopano mtundu limati.

Nkhondo ANAKULIRA zaka makumi atatu '

ulamuliro Westphalian unakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha zaka makumi atatu nkhondo 1618-1648 gg., imene anawononga maziko a m'mbuyomu kuti dziko. Mu nkhondo imeneyi kuti ankawakonda pafupifupi onse madera a ku Ulaya, koma chifukwa cha nkhondo pakati pa Chiprotestanti ndi mafumu Katolika wa Germany Wopatulika wa Roma, mothandizidwa ndi gawo lina akalonga a ku Germany. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVI, ndi mgwirizano wa nthambi ku Austria ndi Spanish wa Nyumba ya Habsburg analenga preconditions kwa kubwezeretsa kwa ufumu wa Charles V. Koma iyo inali cholepheretsa ufulu wa German ambuye Protestant ovomerezeka Ausburgskim dziko. Mu 1608 ndi mafumu analenga Protestant wamphumphu, mothandizidwa ndi Britain ndi France. Mosiyana ake mu 1609, Mgwirizano wa Akatolika analengedwa - wothandizana naye la Spain ndi Papa.

Ndithudi nkhondo 1618-1648 gg.

Pambuyo banja lolamulira la Habsburg wamphamvu mu Czech Republic, lomwe Ndipotu kumabweretsa kuphwanya ufulu wa Achiprotestanti pa zipolowe dziko. Friedrich Palatinate - mothandizidwa wa Union of Protestant mfumu yatsopano anasankhidwa mu dziko. Kuyambira akuyamba nthawi yoyamba nkhondo - Czech. Iwo amakhala ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Protestant, katundu kumayiko a mfumu, kusintha pansi pa ulamuliro wa Upper Palatinate ku Bavaria, komanso kubwezeretsa Chikatolika ku dziko.

Chachiwiri nyengo - Chidanishi, amene amakhala ndi phukusi la maiko oyandikana m'kupita kwa nkhondoyi. Denmark choyamba anapita kunkhondo kuti agwire gombe Baltic. Nthawi imeneyi, asilikali odana Habsburg Mgwirizano zowawa kugonjetsedwa yofunika kwambiri League Katolika, ndi Denmark amakakamizidwa kuti mupewe nkhondo. Ndi nkhondo ya kumpoto Germany Gustavian asilikali Swedish akuyamba kampeni. kusintha kumayamba gawo lotsiriza - ndi Franco-Swedish.

mtendere wa Westphalia

Pambuyo France analowa nkhondo, ubwino wa Protestant mgwirizano linaonekera, zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kufunika kupempha kukondera pakati pa zipani. Mu 1648 yosainidwa Mtendere wa Westphalia, imene inali mapangano awiri, anakonza pa Congress wa Münster ndi anachisaina. Iye analemba bwino watsopano mphamvu padziko lapansi ndi chilolezo azingokhala Woyera Roma mu limati palokha (zoposa 300).

Kuwonjezera apo, popeza Mtendere wa Westphalia mawonekedwe zoyambirira za bungwe landale la anthu amakhala "boma - mtundu", ndipo mfundo yaikulu ya mgwirizano wa mayiko - ulamuliro wa mayiko. Mbali achipembedzo cha pangano ankaona motere: mu Germany panali ufulu ofanana Calvin, Lutheran ndi Akatolika.

ulamuliro Westphalian

mfundo zake zofunika kwambiri moti vvyglyadet:

1. mtundu wa bungwe landale la anthu - boma dziko.

2. Geopolitical lochitira bwino utsogoleri wolowezana wa mphamvu - kuchokera kwambiri kwa ofooka.

3. Mfundo yaikulu ubale mu dziko - ulamuliro wa limati mtundu.

4. Dongosolo la mgwirizano ndale.

5. boma ayenera kusalaza mikangano zachuma pakati pa anthu ake.

6. Non-kulowelera mu zochitika mkati mwa mayiko mzake.

7. Chotsani gulu la malire khola pakati limati European.

8. sanali lonse mu chirengedwe. Poyamba, malamulo inakhazikitsa dongosolo Westphalian, kumachita okha pa dera la ku Ulaya. M'kupita kwa nthawi, iwo anasonkhana pamodzi ndi Eastern Europe, North America ndi Mediterranean.

M'dongosolo latsopano la mgwirizano wa mayiko anatumikila kudalirana ndi kusakanikirana kwa chikhalidwe, kunali kutha kwa kudzipatula limati munthu. Komanso, kwachititsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chitukuko mofulumira bizinesi mu Europe.

Kukula kwa dongosolo Westphalian. siteji 1

Bwino kunachokera multipolarity a dongosolo Westphalian, limene palibe limati sakanatha kukwaniritsa hegemony mtheradi, ndi kulimbana chachikulu mwayi ndale kumenyana pakati France, England ndi Netherlands.
Mu ulamuliro wa "Sun King" Louis XIV, France adzalimbana malamulo ake akunja. Iwo anali yodziwika ndi cholinga cha kupeza madera atsopano ndi kuwasokoneza zonse mu zochitika za maiko oyandikana.

Mu 1688, otchedwa Grand Alliance, udindo waukulu umene wotanganidwa Netherlands ndi England unakhazikitsidwa. Umodzi uwu imatsogoleredwa ntchito zake kuchepetsa France ndi chikoka mu dziko. Patapita ku Netherlands ndi England, limodzi ndi adani ena a Louis XIV - Savoie, Spain ndi Sweden. Iwo analenga Augsburg League. Chifukwa cha nkhondo, linakhalanso imodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu, amene analengeza dongosolo Westphalian - muyezo wa mphamvu mu mgwirizano wa mayiko.

Zamoyo a dongosolo Westphalian. siteji 2

Pali kukula chikoka Prussia. dziko ili mu mtima wa Europe, iye anayamba kulimbana ndi kuphatikiza a m'madera German. Ngati zolinga Prussian chikukwaniritsidwa, izo zikanakhoza n'kutsutsa maziko amene anapuma ulamuliro Westphalian. Pa njira imene Prussia anali anabweretsa ndi Nkhondo zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri za cholowa Austria. mikangano awiriwa kuchichepetsa mfundo za lamulo mtendere, anakhazikitsa pambuyo pa mapeto a zaka makumi atatu nkhondo.
Kuwonjezera kulimbitsa Prussia, Russia kuchuluka udindo mu dziko. Iwo anapereka fanizo Chirasha Swedish nkhondo.

Ambiri, nyengo yatsopano imene dongosolo Westphalian walowa kumapeto kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri nkhondo inayambika.

Chachitatu siteji ya kukhalapo kwa dongosolo Westphalian

mapangidwe limati dziko lidzayamba pambuyo Wamkulu French kuukira boma. Nthawi imeneyi, boma ndi guarantor ufulu wa nzika, kutsutsa chiphunzitso cha "umayenda ndale". nkhani yolembedwa Aika ndi fuko la dziko ali ndi ufulu unalipo mu choncho kumene malire ake kukumana m'madera yosiyanasiyana.

Pambuyo mapeto a Napoleonic nkhondo, Congress wa Vienna mu 1815, kwa nthawi yoyamba ananena za kufunika kuti athetseretu ukapolo, kuwonjezera, nkhani zokhudzana ndi kulolera zipembedzo ndi ufulu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo palidi mfundo Ronaldo, amazindikira kuti zinthu ndi nzika za boma - ichi ndi mavuto mwangwiro mkati mwa dziko. Chitsanzo mu Conference Berlin pa Africa ndi congresses ku Brussels, Geneva ndi The Hague.

Versailles-Washington dongosolo la mgwirizano wa mayiko

dongosolo chinakhazikitsidwa pambuyo First World nkhondo ndi regrouping wa asilikali m'bwalo lonse. Maziko a zisintha padziko lonse anafika mapangano anamaliza chifukwa cha Paris ndi Washington mapiri. Mu January 1919, chiyambi cha ntchito zake Conference Paris. Chifukwa cha nkhani pakati pa US, France, Britain, Italy ndi Japan anayikidwa "mfundo 14" WOODROW Wilson. Tikumbukenso kuti mbali ya dongosolo Versailles analengedwa mchikakamizo cha zolinga ndale ndi pa nkhondo, njira ya State opambana mu World Choyamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo kunyalanyaza zofuna za mayiko anagonjetsedwa ndipo iwo amene monga anaonekera pa mapu ndale za dzikoli (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.). Number mapangano anali atalamulidwa ndi azingokhala wa Austria ndi Hungary, Russian, German ndipo Ottoman maufumu, ndipo akuyamba dongosolo latsopano dongosolo la dziko.

Washington Conference

Versailles Act ndi mapangano ndi Germany, adani anali makamaka zokhudzana ndi ku Ulaya. Mu 1921-1922, anagwira ntchito wokambirana Washington, amene kuthetsedwa vuto la kuthetsa pambuyo nkhondo ku Far East. yofunika kwambiri mu ntchito ya Congress izi ankaimba US ndi Japan, komanso kuganizira zofuna za England ndi France. Pa msonkhano, ife anasaina mapangano angapo amene amaonetsera maziko a subsystem Far East. zochita izi ndipo munamutcha gawo lachiwiri la watsopano kuti dziko pansi pa dzina la dongosolo Washington a mgwirizano wa mayiko.

Cholinga cha United States anali "kutsekula chitseko" Japan ndi China. Iwo anapambana pa nthawi ya msonkhano kwa kuwonongedwa kwa mgwirizano wa Britain ndi Japan. Ndi mapeto a Washington Congress inatha gawo la mapangidwe latsopano dongosolo la dziko. Kukhala malo mphamvu anakhoza kukhala dongosolo kokhazikika ubale.

mfundo ndi makhalidwe a mgwirizano wa mayiko

1. Kulimbikitsa utsogoleri wa US, Britain ndi France powonekera mayiko ndi tsankho Germany, Russia, Turkey ndi Bulgaria. Kukwiya ndi zotsatira za nkhondo, wogonjetsa mayiko payekha. Izi anakonzeratu kuthekera kubwezera.

2. Kuchotsedwa pa US mfundo European. Ndipotu, ndithudi pochita kudzipatula analengeza pambuyo kulephera kwa pulogalamu B. Wilson "mfundo 14".

3. Kusintha kwa US European limati wamangawa mu wokongoza chachikulu. Amatilongosolera digiri kudalira mayiko ena ku United States anasonyeza zolinga Dawes ndi Young.

4. kukhazikitsidwa kwa League of Nations mu 1919, zomwe inathandiza kuthandiza dongosolo Versailles-Washington. oyambitsa ake anathamangitsa zofuna zake mgwirizano wa mayiko (United Kingdom ndi France ndayesera kuti akalandire okha udindo kawirikawiri ndale za dziko). Nthawi zambiri, League of Nations panalibe njira kuwayang'anira kukhazikitsa zosankha zake.

5. Versailles dongosolo la mgwirizano wa mayiko inali ya chikhalidwe padziko lonse.

Mavuto ndipo kugwa kwake

The vuto la Washington subsystem anatuluka kale mu 20s, ndi chifukwa cha mfundo ndi mwamakani la Japan kwa China. Kumayambiriro 30 ntchentche izo anagwiritsidwa Manchuria, amene analengedwa ndi boma zidole. The League of Nations natsutsa mokwiya Japan, ndipo kuti anabwera kuchokera ku bungwe ili.

Mavuto a dongosolo Versailles anakonzeratu kulimbitsa Italy ndi Germany, maulamuliro amene achifasizimu ndi Anazi anabwera. Development a dongosolo la mgwirizano wa mayiko mu 30s inasonyeza kuti chitetezo anamanga kuzungulira League of Nations, kwathuthu operewera.

Zotsatira zosonyeza mavuto unakhala pa Anschluss la Austria mu March 1938 ndi Munich mgwirizano mu September chaka chomwecho. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba unyolo anachita kugwa kwa dongosolo. 1939 anasonyeza kuti mfundo appeasement kwathuthu operewera.

Versailles-Washington dongosolo la mgwirizano wa mayiko, amene anali zolakwa ambiri komanso kusokonekera kwathunthu, anakomoka ndi mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Dongosolo la mgwirizano pakati pa limati mu theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi

Maziko a latsopano kuti dziko pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 1939-1945 yapangidwa pa Yalta ndi Potsdam misonkhano. Msonkhano anatenga atsogoleri a odana ndi Hitler maiko mgwirizano: Stalin, Churchill ndi Roosevelt (pambuyo Truman).
Ambiri, dongosolo Yalta-Potsdam a mgwirizano wa mayiko yodziwika ndi bipolarity, monga malo ŵa wotanganidwa US ndi USSR. Izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale malo ena a mphamvu amene kwambiri mukopedwe chikhalidwe cha dongosolo lonse.

The Conference Yalta

Ophunzira Conference Yalta, cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kuwononga German nkhondo ndi chilengedwe cha ukutitsimikizira mtendere, monga zokambirana adamangidwa ya nkhondo. Pa msonkhano uno anakhazikitsa malire atsopano kwa USSR (pa mzere Curzon) ndi Poland. Kulinso agaŵiridwa zone imene ku Germany, pakati pa mayiko a odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti m'dzikoli kwa zaka 45 ndi madera awiri - West ndi East Germany. Komanso, panali gulu la mitundu ya chikoka mu Balkan dera. Greece linali m'manja mwa England, ndi chikominisi boma I. B. Tito unakhazikitsidwa Yugoslavia.

The Conference Potsdam

Pa msonkhano uno, anaganiza pa demilitarization siyana a Germany. Zoweta ndi mfundo yachilendo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Board lopangidwa ndi atsogoleri a zinayi limati-opambana pa nkhondo. Potsdam dongosolo la mgwirizano wa mayiko mfundo latsopano la mgwirizano pakati pa limati European. Bungwe la nduna za Affairs okhonda unakhazikitsidwa. Zotsatira zake chachikulu cha msonkhano anali kukakamiza agonje kwa Japan.

Mfundo ndi mbali ya dongosolo latsopano

1. bipolarity mu mawonekedwe a atasemphana ndale ndi maganizo pakati pa "dziko ufulu" kutsogozedwa ndi United States ndi mayiko zokomera.

2. confrontational. Mwadongosolo chitsutso cha mayiko kutsogolera mu ndale, a zachuma, nkhondo ndiponso zinthu zina. atasemphana zinafika povuta pamene Chidani nkhondo.

3. The dongosolo Yalta a mgwirizano wa mayiko analibe yeniyeni yodalirika.

4. Chatsopano Order unakhazikitsidwa mu nthawi ya kuchuluka zida za nyukiliya. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mapangidwe limagwirira chitetezo. Panali mfundo deterrence nyukiliya zochokera kuopa nkhondo latsopano.

5. kulengedwa kwa UN, amene zochita zinali zochokera ndi onse dongosolo Yalta-Potsdam a mgwirizano wa mayiko. Koma mu nthawi pambuyo nkhondo, gulu anali kupewa nkhondo pakati pa United States ndi Soviet Union pa milingo lonse ndi dera.

anapezazo

Masiku ano, pali machitidwe angapo a mgwirizano wa mayiko. Dongosolo Westphalian anali zotsogola kwambiri ndi yotheka. kachitidwe wotsatira anali confrontational, limafotokoza zimene zimawonongeka mofulumira. Dongosolo amakono a mgwirizano wa mayiko kumadalira pa mfundo za muyezo wa mphamvu, yomwe ndi chotsatira chake cha munthu zofuna chitetezo cha mayiko onse.