Ductile chitsulo: katundu, kulemba ndi ukulu

Iron - zovuta, dzimbiri zosagwira, koma osalimba chitsulo mpweya aloyi ndi mpweya zili C mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 2,14 kuti 6,67%. Ngakhale kuli vuto zimenezi, ali zosiyanasiyana mitundu, katundu, ofunsira. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ductile kuponya chitsulo.

nkhani

Nkhanizi wakhala kuyambira pa BC IV atumwi. e. mizu Chinese ali VI lapansi. BC. e. Ku Ulaya, kutchula koyamba za mafakitale a aloyi ali pachibwenzi XIV, ndipo mu Russia - XVI atumwi. Koma kupanga ductile chitsulo luso ndi okhala mu Russia kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. Pambuyo chitukuko cha AD Annosovym.

Popeza zitsulo imvi zocheperapo ntchito chifukwa katundu wochepa makina, ndi zitsulo - mtengo ndipo ndi kuuma otsika ndi durability, funso linauka zitsulo kupanga odalirika, cholimba, olimba, pamene popeza kuchuluka mphamvu ndi kusinthasintha zina.

Mundinyamule zachitsulo Komabe, chifukwa makhalidwe pulasitiki, izo labwino kwa mitundu ina ya ntchito pulasitiki (mwachitsanzo, kulipira).

kupanga

Njira yaikulu - ankayengera mu ng'anjo kuphulika.

Zipangizo kuyambira kwa processing kuphulika:

• Lamulira - chitsulo miyala okhala chitsulo okusayidi mu mawonekedwe Ferum.
• Mafuta - coke ndi gasi.
• Mpweya - jekeseni kudzera chochekera wapadera.
• Fluxes - mankhwala mapangidwe pamaziko a manganese ndi (kapena) pakachitsulo.

Magawo a kuphulika ng'anjo:

1. Ayambe chitsulo koyera mwa mankhwala anachita wa zitsulo ndi mpweya yopezeka tuyeres.
2. Kuyaka kwa coke mapangidwe ndi mpweya oxides.
3. Carburizing pa mmene chitsulo changwiro ndi NKHA ndi NKHA _2.
4. Machulukitsidwe wa Fe ₃ C ndi manganese ndi pakachitsulo malingana ndi katundu Napempha kwa linanena bungwe.
5. Kukhetsa kumaliza kwa zitsulo mu amatha kuumba kudzera taphole ya; kukhetsa slag mwa dzenje slag mpopi.

Akamaliza wa kuphulika ng'anjo mkombero opaleshoni analandira chitsulo, slag ndi mpweya flue.

mankhwala zitsulo kupanga ankalamulira

Malinga mlingo yozizira, ndi microstructure wa mpweya machulukitsidwe ndi zina alandire mitundu ingapo ya chitsulo:

1. Nkhumba (woyera) mpweya mu mawonekedwe omangidwa, simenti chachikulu. Ntchito ngati zopangira kwa yadothi zina chitsulo mpweya kasakaniza wazitsulo processing. 80% ya opangidwa aloyi ankalamulira.
2. Foundry (imvi) mpweya mu mawonekedwe a kwathunthu kapena mwina ufulu graphite, ndicho mbale wake. Malootvetstvennyh ntchito yopanga ziwalo. Mpaka 19% opangidwa ndi kuponyera kuphulika ng'anjo.
3. Special: wolemera ferroalloys. 1-2% mtundu ankaona kupanga.

Ductile chitsulo linakonzedwa ndi kutentha mankhwala a nkhumba.

Chiphunzitso cha chitsulo nyumba

Mpweya ndi Ferum akhoza kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kasakaniza wazitsulo kwa galasi latisi mtundu monga tikuonera mwiniwake wa microstructure wa.

1. Malowedwe mu olimba njira α zitsulo - ferrite.
2. Malowedwe mu olimba njira γ zitsulo - austenite.
3. Mankhwala mapangidwe Fe ₃ C (womangidwa boma) - cementite. chachikulu The aumbike mwa kuzirala mofulumira madzi chosungunula. Secondary - yapang'onopang'ono kutentha kuchepa kwa austenite. Ukachenjede - kuzirala mwapang'onopang'ono ferrite lapansi.
4. Mawotchi chisakanizo cha mbewu ferrite ndi cementite - perlite.
5. Mawotchi chisakanizo cha mbewu austenite ndi pearlite kapena cementite - Ledebur.

Pakuti chitsulo chosungunula amakhala ndi microstructure wapadera. The graphite akhoza kukhala mu mawonekedwe ndi mtundu omangidwa dongosolo pamwamba, ndipo kungakhale mu boma ufulu mu mawonekedwe a zosafunika zosiyanasiyana. Pa katundu bwanji mbewu zonse zofunika, ndipo formations izi. Graphite tuzigawo twa ndi zitsulo mbale, flakes kapena muzochitika.

Tsamba mawonekedwe Ndi mmene kwa imvi kasakaniza wazitsulo chitsulo mpweya. Izo zimayambitsa fragility awo ndi kusadalirika.

Inclusions ndi fluffy ductile chitsulo kuposa ubwino ntchito yawo makina.

The ozungulira graphite dongosolo zina bwino khalidwe la zitsulo, zokhudza kuwonjezeka kuuma, durability, kupirira kwambiri katundu. makhalidwe ali mkulu mphamvu kuponyedwa chitsulo. Ductile chitsulo katundu zimayambitsa ferrite kapena ndizosowa pearlite cha kukhalapo inclusions flake graphite.

Kukonzekera ferritic ductile chitsulo

Izo yopangidwa kuchokera ku nkhumba woyera proeutectoid otsika mpweya aloyi ingots ndi annealing ndi okhutira mpweya 2.4-2.8% ndi kukhalapo lolingana zina (MN, Si, S, P). Khoma makulidwe annealed mbali ayenera kukhala osapitirira 5 cm. Castings ndithu makulidwe graphite umakhala mbale ndi katundu anakhumba si akwaniritsa.

Kupeza osewera chitsulo ndi zitsulo ferritic m'munsi aikidwa mu mabokosi wapadera ndi kutsanulira mchenga. Mwamphamvu chidebe womata anaikidwa mu Kutentha ng'anjo. Akwaniritse mfundo zotsatirazi pa annealing:

1. Zomangamanga ndi usavutike mu ng'anjo kutentha 1000? C ndipo analola kuti ayime pa kutentha mosalekeza maola 10 kuti 24. Chifukwa cha amang'amba ndi zapulaimale cementite Ledebur.
2. zitsulo utakhazikika kwa 720? C mu ng'anjo.
3. Pa kutentha 720? C kupirira yaitali kuchokera maola 15 kuti 30. kutentha Izi zipangitsa kuti azingokhala, cementite sekondale.
4. Pa sitepe yomaliza kachiwiri utakhazikika ndi uvuni ntchito ku 500? C, kenako mupewe mphepo.

Zimenezi annealing amatchedwa graphitizing.

Pambuyo ntchito microstructure ndi ferrite ndi mbewu ya graphite flake. Mtundu amatchedwa "chernoserdechnym" kuyambira yopuma ndi wakuda.

Kukonzekera pearlitic malleable zachitsulo chosungunula

Mtundu uwu wa aloyi chitsulo mpweya, amene anachokera ku proeutectoid woyera, koma zili mpweya kwake kuchuluka: 3-3.6%. Pakuti castings ndi maziko pearlitic, iwo anayikidwa mu mabokosi ndi kutsanulira wosweka ufa chitsulo miyala kapena mphero lonse. Annealing ndondomeko palokha ndi chosavuta.

1. Zitsulo kutentha anaukitsidwa kwa 1000? C, anali maola 60-100.
2. Kupanga ozizira ndi ng'anjo.

Chifukwa chikasu pansi zochita za kutentha pa malo zachitsulo diffuses: releasable mu cementite kuwonongeka graphite masamba pang'ono annealed pamwamba wosanjikiza mbali, yothetsa pa miyala kapena slag pamwamba. Konzekerani lililonse limatisokoneza, lolimba ndiponso ductile topsheet "beloserdechnogo" chitsulo ductile ndi pakati olimba.

annealing iyi akutchedwa chosakwanira. Imakhala azingokhala cementite ndi pearlite ledeburite pa mbale ndi graphite yoyenera. Ngati ndi kotheka granular pearlitic ductile kuponyedwa chitsulo ndi kulimba apamwamba plasticity, gwiritsirani ntchito zina usavutike 720? C. Choncho anapanga mbewu ya perlite ndi inclusions flake graphite.

Katundu, olemba ndi ntchito ferritic ductile chitsulo

Pomalizira "nsautso" zitsulo mu zotsatira ng'anjo mu azingokhala wathunthu wa ledeburite ndi cementite mu ferrite. Chifukwa intricacies luso, ndi aloyi ndi okhutira mkulu mpweya - ferritic dongosolo khalidwe la otsika mpweya zitsulo. Koma mpweya palokha si ndikachoka - zimakhalira ku chikhalidwe kugwirizana ya chitsulo ufulu. Kutentha tingati amasintha mawonekedwe a inclusions graphite kuti flake.

Kapangidwe Ferrite zimayambitsa kuchepa kuuma, kuonjezera mphamvu mfundo pamaso pa makhalidwe monga kulimba ndi ductility.

Chodetsa adagwira chitsulo ferrite kalasi: KCH30-6, KCH33-8, KCH35-10, KCH37-12 komwe:

CN - mitundu chizindikiritso - malleable;

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _ndi, 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mamilimita ² - pazipita katundu kuti akhoza kulimbana popanda kusweka;

6, 8, 10, 12 - elongation, δ,% - plasticity index (apamwamba mtengo, ndi kuti atengeke zitsulo kuthamanga chithandizo).

Kuuma - za 100-160 HB.

Nkhanizi amene ntchito ndi wapakatikati pakati monga zitsulo ndi chitsulo mpweya aloyi ndi imvi. Ductile chitsulo ndi ferritic pearlitic maziko otsika mawu a avale kukana, kukana dzimbiri ndi mphamvu kutopa, koma apamwamba makina kupirira, ductility akuponya makhalidwe. Ndi mtengo wake otsika chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani kupanga mbali zikugwira ntchito pa katundu otsika ndi sing'anga: magiya, housings, kumbuyo axles, kuikira.

Katundu, olemba ndi ntchito pearlitic malleable zachitsulo chosungunula

Chifukwa chosakwanira annealing pulayimale, sekondale ndi cementite Ledebur nthawi kupasuka mokwanira austenite, imene pa kutentha 720? C adziwonetsa perlite. Yotsirizira ndi osakaniza makina a ferrite ndi cementite mbewu ukachenjede. Ndipotu, mbali ya mpweya amakhalabe mawonekedwe adzamangidwa amachititsa dongosolo, gawo - "anamasulidwa" mu flake graphite. Pamene perlite uyu akhoza kukhala mbale kapena grainy. Choncho anapanga pearlitic malleable kuponya chitsulo. katundu ndi chifukwa zimalimbikitsa molimbika ndi zochepa ofewa dongosolo.

Izi, poyerekeza ndi ferritic ndi dzimbiri apamwamba, kuvala zosagwira katundu, durability awo ndi apamwamba kwambiri, koma m'munsi ductility ndi makhalidwe castability. Chiwopsezo nkhawa makina kuchuluka pamwamba pamene kusunga kuuma ndi kulimba kwa mankhwala pachimake.

Chodetsa adagwira chitsulo pearlitic: KCH45-7, KCH50-5, KCH56-4, KCH60-3, KCH65-3, KCH70-2, KCH80-1,5.

Choyamba manambala - lakuti mphamvu: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 ndi 800 N / mamilimita ^2, motero.

Chachiwiri - ductility kalembedwe elongation δ,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2 ndi 1.5.

Pearlite ntchito ductile chitsulo opezeka luso lopanga ndi chida ziwembu kuti ntchito pa katundu mkulu - onse malo amodzi ndi zazikulu: camshafts, crankshafts, mbali zowalamulira, pistons, kulumikiza ndodo.

kutentha mankhwala

Nkhani analandira chifukwa cha kutentha mankhwala, ndicho annealing mwina pansi mobwerezabwereza njira makhalidwe kutentha. cholinga chawo chachikulu - mphamvu kwambiri, durability, kukana kuti dzimbiri ndi kukalamba.

1. Tempering ntchito nyumba zofuna kuuma mkulu ndi kulimba; umatulutsa Kutentha kwa 900? C, Mbali utakhazikika pa mlingo pafupifupi pafupifupi 100? C / gawo ntchito mafuta engine. Pambuyo akhale mkulu tchuthi ndi Kutentha kwa 650˚S ndi kuzirala mpweya.
2. Normalization ntchito magawo yosavuta sing'anga-kakulidwe mu ng'anjo ndi Kutentha kwa 900? C, tsedwa pa kutentha ichi kwa nthawi ya maola 1 1.5 ndi wotsatira kuzirala mu mlengalenga. Troostite amapereka perlite granular, kulimba ake komanso lodalirika mikangano ndi kuvala. Izo ntchito odana ndi mikangano malleable kuponya chitsulo ndi maziko pearlitic.
3. Annealing imagwiridwa mobwerezabwereza kupanga antifriction: Kutentha - kwa 900 C, atagwira pa izi kutentha yaitali, yozizira ndi ng'anjo. Zoperekedwa ferritic kapena ferritic-pearlitic dongosolo antifriction ductile chitsulo.

Kutentha mankhwala kuponya chitsulo angathe kuchitidwa kwanuko kapena zovuta. Pakuti apakhungu Akutsatira mafunde mkulu-pafupipafupi kapena lawi acetylene (atagwira othetsa). Pakuti zovuta - Kutentha ng'anjo. Pamene Kutentha m'dera la wosanjikiza chapamwamba yekha anaumitsa, izo kumawonjezera kuuma ake ndi mphamvu, koma anapitiriza ductility ndi kukhuthala akalozera wa pakati.

Nkofunika amanena kuti kulipira chitsulo zosatheka, osati chifukwa cha makhalidwe osakwanira makina, komanso chifukwa cha kuzindikira kwake mkulu kusintha mwadzidzidzi kutentha, zomwe zimayamba pamene othetsa ndi kuzirala madzi.

Anti-mikangano malleable kuponya chitsulo

zosiyanasiyana Izi imakhudzanso malleable, ndi doped, iwo ndi imvi (ASF), kulipira (APC) ndi mphamvu mkulu (ACHV). APC ntchito yopanga ductile kuponya ayironi amene ali pansi annealing kapena normalization. njira akutsatiridwa kuti kusintha katundu makina ndi mapangidwe makhalidwe atsopano - kuvala kukana mu mikangano ndi zina.

Zaikidwa: 1-APC, APC-2. Ntchito yopanga crankshafts, magiya, mayendedwe.

Zotsatira zina pa katundu

Kupatula pa chitsulo graphite m'munsi ndipo ali mu zikuchokera awo, ndi mbali zina, zomwe zimachititsanso katundu wa chitsulo chosungunula: manganese, pakachitsulo, phosphorous, sulfure, ena zinthu alloying.

Mangan bwino flowability achitsulo, kukana dzimbiri ndi kuvala kukana. Imathandiza kuti kuuma ndi mphamvu ya kumanga mpweya ndi chitsulo mankhwala chilinganizo Fe ₃ C, mapangidwe perlite granular.

Pakachitsulo komanso kuli ndi ubwino pa fluidity ya aloyi osungunula, izo kumathandiza kuti azingokhala cementite ndi graphite inclusions Kugawilidwa kwanthaka.

Sulfa - zoipa, koma chigawo mosalephera. Amachepetsa katundu makina ndi mankhwala, kumapangitsa mapangidwe ming'alu. Komabe, ubwenzi zomveka ndi wokhutira wa zinthu zina (mwachitsanzo, manganese) likukonza ndondomeko microstructural. Choncho, pamene chiŵerengero MN-S 0,8-1,2 perlite awasungira pa makhalidwe aliyense kutentha nthawi. Ndi kuwonjezera chiŵerengero 3 n'zotheka kupeza dongosolo lililonse anakhumba malingana magawo preset.

Phosphorus kusintha kwa fluidity bwino amakhudza mphamvu, Sachita ndi kulimba ndi ductility, zimakhudza nthawi ya graphitization.

Chromium ndi molybdenum kungafoole mapangidwe flakes graphite, ena nkhani amalimbikitsa mapangidwe perlite granular.

Tungsten kumawonjezera kukaniza kuvala pamene zikugwira ntchito mu madera a kutentha.

Zotayidwa, faifi tambala ndi mkuwa zimathandiza kuti graphitization.

Mwa kusintha kuchuluka kwa zinthu mankhwala amapanga chitsulo mpweya aloyi, komanso chiŵerengero awo, akhoza kudwala zimatha chomaliza cha chitsulo chosungunula.

Ubwino ndi Kuipa

Ductile chugun- zakuthupi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mu luso. ubwino waukulu ndi:

• mpweya wambiri wa kuuma, kuvala kukana, mphamvu, pamodzi ndi fluidity ya;
• makhalidwe yachibadwa ya kulimba ndi ductility;
• processability ndi mankhwala kuthamanga, mosiyana ndi chitsulo chosungunula imvi;
• katundu zosiyanasiyana item embodiments kudzudzulidwa pansi njira zina zothandizira anthu matenthedwe ndi mankhwala-matenthedwe;
• mtengo wotsika.

The kuipa ndi makhalidwe munthu:

• fragility;
• pamaso pa inclusions wa graphite;
• ntchito osauka kudula;
• kulemera castings kwambiri.

Ngakhale zolakwa pano, ductile chitsulo amatenga woyang'anira mu zitsulo ndi luso lopanga. Kuyambira zinabala mfundo zofunika kwambiri monga crankshafts, mbali ananyema ziyangoyango, magiya, pistons, kulumikiza ndodo. Kukhala zosiyanasiyana ka zopangidwa, munthu kagawo kakang'ono makampani ali chitsulo ductile. tanthauzo lake ndi mmene kwa katundu imene ntchito zipangizo zina ndi chodziwikiratu.