Environmental chinthu - ziri ... zachilengedwe ndi anthu. Mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe. Gulu la zinthu zachilengedwe

Mwamtheradi zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi amaona zinthu zachilengedwe. Zimakhala mwachindunji kapena mozungulira, koma kumakhudza kwambiri pa zochita za anthu, chikhalidwe cha zomera ndi nyama. Environmental chinthu - mchitidwe chilengedwe, kuchititsa majeremusi kuti azolowere zinthu zina za moyo. Angakhudzidwe ndi mbali nyengo ya m'deralo (kutentha, chinyezi, cheza maziko, zimachititsa chilumbachi, kuunikira), zochita za anthu kapena viability wa anthu ambiri amoyo (parasitism, predation, mpikisano).

Khama la chinthu zachilengedwe

Lachitatu - ndi mtundu wa chilengedwe zovuta, tili chamoyo moyo, imakhudza ntchito zake zofunika kwambiri. Zimenezi zingakhale ya zochitika za matupi chuma, mphamvu. Environmental chinthu - chinthu cha chilengedwe chimene majeremusi ndi atengere. Izi zikhoza kukhala kuchepa kapena kuwonjezeka kutentha, chinyezi kapena dryness, cheza maziko, zochita za anthu, mpikisano pakati pa nyama, ndi zina zotero. D. Mawu akuti "malo" mu chikhalidwe ndi chibadwa, imene zamoyo, kuphatikizapo kuti iwo amapereka mwachindunji kapena mozungulira chikoka. Ichi ndi chinthu chifukwa zikhoza bwanji nkhaniyo. Lachitatu zikusintha, ziwalo zikuluzikulu ndi osiyanasiyana, kotero nyama, zomera ndi anthu ndi kuti nthawi zonse kusintha, kusintha kwa mwanjira moyo ndi kuberekana.

Gulu la zinthu zachilengedwe

Pa zamoyo angathe kuchitidwa zimakhudza zachilengedwe ndi yokumba. Pali mitundu ingapo ya classifications, koma amaonedwa kukhala n'lofala kwambiri zinthu zachilengedwe monga abiotic, biotic ndi anthropogenic. zamoyo zonse tikuyesera anakhudzidwa ndi chodabwitsa, ndi zigawo za chilengedwe zopanda moyo. Izi ndi zinthu abiotic zokhudza umoyo wa anthu, zomera, nyama. Nawonso, anawagawa edaphic, nyengo, mankhwala, hydrographic, pyrogenic, orographic.

Kuwala, chinyezi, kutentha, kuthamanga barometric mvula, cheza dzuwa, mphepo akhoza zimachitika zinthu zachilengedwe. Edaphic bwanji zamoyo kudzera kutentha, mpweya ndi ulamuliro madzi, mankhwala ake kapangidwe dongosolo makina, mlingo pansi, acidity. Mankhwala zinthu - ndi mchere madzi zikuchokera, gasi zikuchokera m'mlengalenga. Pyrogenic - zotsatira za moto pa chilengedwe. DNA atengere ku mtunda, okwera, komanso makhalidwe a madzi, wokhutira zinthu organic ndi mchere.

Biotic chinthu chilengedwe - ndi ubale wa zamoyo, komanso mmene ubale wawo kwa chilengedwe. Zotsatira kungakhale mwachindunji kapena mozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, ena zamoyo amatha kulimbikitsa nyengo kusintha kapangidwe wa nthaka , etc. zinthu Biotic anawagawa mitundu inayi: .. Phytogenic (zomera bwanji chilengedwe ndi mzake), zoogenic (nyama bwanji chilengedwe ndi mzake) mikogennye (zotsatira ndi bowa) ndi mikrobiogennye (pakati ndi tizilombo).

Opangidwa zachilengedwe chinthu - kusintha kwa zinthu zinthu chifukwa zochita za anthu amoyo. Zochita ukhoza kukhala ozindikira kukomoka. Komabe, amatsogolera inasinthiratu m'chilengedwe. munthu chimaswa wosanjikiza dothi, amadetsa m'mlengalenga ndi madzi ndi zinthu zoipa, amapereka malo achilengedwe. zinthu Anthropogenic akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi chachikulu: zamoyo mankhwala, chikhalidwe ndiponso thupi. Iwo ali onse amakhala osiyana, bwanji nyama, zomera, tizilombo amathandiza kuti zikamera a mitundu yatsopano ndi kufufuta ku nkhope ya zaka.

Zotsatira mankhwala zinthu zachilengedwe pa zamoyo zambiri kungasokoneze chilengedwe. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zokolola zabwino, anthu ntchito feteleza ndi kupha tizirombo ndi ziphe, motero kuchotsako nthaka ndi madzi. Komanso ayenera zidzawonjezedwa kwa mayendedwe a zinyalala ndi mafakitale. zinthu thupi akuyembekezeka kusamukira ku ndege, sitima, magalimoto, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu nyukiliya, mmene pa zamoyo wa kugwedera ndi phokoso. Musaiwale za ubale wa anthu m'dziko. The zifukwa za chilengedwe monga zamoyo zimene munthu ndi gwero la chakudya kapena malo, apa m'pofunika kunyamula chakudya.

mmene chilengedwe

Malinga makhalidwe awo ndi mphamvu za zamoyo zosiyanasiyana kuyankha mosiyana zinthu abiotic. mmene chilengedwe kusintha pa nthawi ndipo, ndithudi, kusintha malamulo a moyo, kukula ndi kubereka tizilombo, nyama, bowa. Mwachitsanzo, moyo wa zomera zobiriwira pansi pa posungira okha ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwala kuti amatha kulowa mwa madzi. chiwerengero cha nyama zochepa za kuchuluka kwa mpweya. amadza yaikulu zamoyo watentha thupi, chifukwa cha kuchepa kapena kukhala zotsatira zake pa chitukuko ndi kubalana. Pa Yaaisi anali atatha osati mammoths ndi zinyamazi, koma nyama zina zambiri, mbalame ndi zomera, motero kusintha chilengedwe. Chinyezi, kutentha ndi kuwala - izi ndi zinthu zazikulu zimene kudziwa zinthu kuli zamoyo.

kuwala

Dzuwa amapereka moyo kwa zomera zambiri, zinyama, si zofunika kwambiri monga anthu a zomera, koma iwo sangakhoze kuchita popanda izo. Natural kuyatsa - ndi gwero zachilengedwe mphamvu. zomera zambiri anawagawa kuwala wachikondi ndi mthunzi-ololera. mitundu yosiyanasiyana kusonyeza zoipa kapena zabwino anachita kuwala. Koma chofunika kwambiri kwa dzuwa lili pa usana ndi usiku, chifukwa oimira yosiyanasiyana ya zinyama ndi oyeretsedwa nocturnal kapena diurnal. Mmene zinthu zachilengedwe pa chamoyo ndi zovuta Musaone, koma pamene izo zifika nyama, kuunikira si kuwakhudza mwachindunji, chabe zikusonyeza kufunika kukonzanso njira zinkachitika mu thupi, kotero kuti zamoyo kuwathandiza zinthu kunja.

chinyezi

Kudalira madzi zolengedwa zonse zamoyo ndi lalikulu kwambiri, chifukwa ndi koyenera kuti kugwira ntchito yake. zamoyo zambiri sangathe kukhala mpweya youma, posapita nthawi adzafa. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya pa nthawi yeniyeni, yodziwika ndi malo chinyezi. Lichens kukakwera nthunzi ya madzi kuchokera chakudya mpweya ntchito chomera mizu, nyama madzi akumwa, tizilombo, achule amatha akuyamwitsa izo kupyola mu thupi chimakwirira. Pali anthu amene ali ndi madzi ndi chakudya kapena mwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mafuta. Onse zomera ndi nyama zimasintha ambiri kuti kuwalola pang'onopang'ono amawononga madzi kumupulumutsa.

kutentha

Chamoyo chilichonse ndi chibadidwe osiyanasiyana kutentha. Ngati kosaoneka, kukwera kapena kugwa, mwina chabe otaika. Zotsatira za zinthu zachilengedwe pa zomera, nyama ndi anthu angathe kukhala zabwino ndi zoipa. Mu kutentha osiyanasiyana lake akufotokozera zambiri, koma mwamsanga pamene kutentha akuyandikira kumtunda kapena m'munsi malire, zamoyo mochedwa, ndiyeno kwathunthu anasiya, wopita ku imfa zolengedwa. Wina ayenera chimfine, munthu - kutentha, ndipo ena akhoza kukhala m'mikhalidwe yosiyana zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mabakiteriya lichens kupirira osiyanasiyana kutentha, anyalugwe bwino mu kotentha ndi Siberia. Koma ambiri a zamoyo umapulumuka okha yopapatiza kutentha osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, miyala yamtengo wapatali kukula mu madzi pa 21 ° C. Kutsitsa kutentha kapena kutenthedwa iwo amene akanafa.

M'madera otentha, kusinthasintha kwa nyengoku pafupifupi wosaoneka, sitinganene kwa woyendera nthambi kotentha. thupi amakakamizidwa kuti azolowere kusintha kwa nyengo, ambiri ndi isanayambike yozizira, kupanga migrations yaitali, ndi zomera kufa palimodzi. M'mikhalidwe chowawa kutentha, olengedwa ena zimabisala bwinobwino koipa nthawi zotheka kwa iwo. Amenewa ndi waukulu zinthu zachilengedwe pa zamoyo zimakhudzidwa ndi kuthamanga mumlengalenga, mphepo, okwera.

Mmene zinthu zachilengedwe pa zamoyo

Pa chitukuko ndi kubalana wa anthu amoyo kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi malo okhala. magulu onse a zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri zimakhudza zovuta, osati mmodzimmodzi. Mphamvu ya chikoka cha munthu zimadalira ena. Mwachitsanzo, kuunikira akhoza m'malo ndi carbon dioxide, koma ndi kusintha kutentha, n'zotheka suspend pa dzuwa la zomera. Mfundo zonsezi bwanji thupi m'njira ina sali yemweyo. The otsogolera zingasiyane malingana ndi nyengo pa chaka. Mwachitsanzo, m'chaka n'kofunika kuti zomera zambiri kutentha m'nthawi maluwa - chinyezi wa nthaka akakhwima - chinyezi ndi zakudya. Pali komanso kuchepetsa zinthu, ndi owonjezera kapena akusowa umene uli pafupi ndi malire a chipiriro cha thupi. Iwo amachita zimenezi ngakhale pamene zamoyozo ali malo abwino okhala.

Mmene zinthu zachilengedwe zomera

Pakuti aliyense woimira zomera zosiyanasiyana amaona chikhalidwe ozungulira. Zinali iye amene amalenga zofunika zinthu zonse zachilengedwe. chomera malo amatipatsa chinyezi zofunika dothi ndi mpweya, kuwala, kutentha, mphepo, mulingo woyenera kuchuluka kwa zakudya mu nthaka. Kambiri zinthu zachilengedwe amalola zamoyo zambiri kukula, kukhala ndi kuberekana. Ena zinthu kungam'lepheretse zomera. Mwachitsanzo, akaika chikhalidwe pa munda zatha, limene nthaka alibe zakudya zokwanira, izo chidzakula zochepa kwambiri kapena ayi kuchuluka konse. Chotero chinthu Kuchepetsa angatchedwe. Komabe, ambiri a zomera atengere mmene chilengedwe.

Oimira zomera wamkulu mu chipululu, kuti azolowere zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mwapadera. Iwo amakhala nthawi yaitali kwambiri ndi amphamvu mizu kuti akhoza kupita mwakuya mu nthaka mamita 30. N'zotheka ndi kungotengeka mizu, amene amalola kusonkhanitsa chinyezi pa mvula yochepa. mitengo madzi ndi zitsamba makungwa amasungidwa (zambiri olumala), masamba, nthambi. Anthu ena a m'chipululu amatha miyezi ingapo kudikira madzi opatsa moyo, koma mmaso kwa masiku angapo. Mwachitsanzo, ephemera kuwanditsa mbewu kumera pokhapokha mvula, ndiye m'chipululu limamasula m'mawa, ndipo masana maluwa kufota.

Mmene zinthu zachilengedwe zomera anakhudzidwa ndi zinthu ozizira. Titafika pamalo mwaukali kwambiri nyengo, chilimwe ndi lalifupi, konzekera izo si dzina, koma nyengo yozizira chimakhala cha miyezi 8 mpaka 10. Chisanu chivundikiro ndi zonyozeka, ndi mphepo ndi bares zomera zonse. zomera nthumwi zambiri ndi losaya mizu, wandiweyani-chikopa masamba ndi ❖ kuyanika waxy. Chofunika kundipatsako kwa zomera zakudya kudziunjikira pa nthawi imene lomaliza tsiku kumalo ozizira. mitengo Titafika pamalo kubala mbewu, germinating kamodzi pa zaka 100 mu zikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri. Koma lichens ndi ndere ndi ndinazolowera kubereka vegetatively.

zinthu Environmental zomera zimawathandiza kukhala zosiyanasiyana zoikamo. zomera Nthumwi amadalira chinyezi ndi kutentha, koma koposa zonse ayenera dzuwa. Chingasinthe dongosolo awo mkati, maonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, okwanira kuchuluka kwa kuwala zimathandiza mitengo kukula korona wokongola, koma tchire, maluwa, wamkulu mu mthunzi, ngati osautsidwa ndi ofooka.

Ubale ndi anthu kaŵirikaŵiri njira awo osiyana. zochita za anthu zimawononga mphamvu pa chilengedwe. The ntchito amakampani mafakitale, moto nkhalango, zoyendera zomera mphamvu mpweya umuna, madzi ndi dothi zatsalira mafuta - izi zonse kungasokoneze kukula chitukuko, ndi kubalana zomera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mitundu ya zomera anakwera Red Book, ambiri anafa n'komwe.

Zotsatira za zinthu zachilengedwe pa anthu

Chirichonse chimene zaka ziwiri zapitazo anthu anali thanzi labwino ndi mphamvu kuposa lero. ntchito Labor kunadetsa zovuta ubale pakati pa mwamuna ndi chirengedwe, koma iwo anakwanitsa kufika pa ina. Imachokera njira ya moyo ya anthu a synchronicity ndi modes achilengedwe. Aliyense nyengo anali ndi maganizo ake ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, m'chaka cha wamba kukhala m'dzikolo, anafesa mbewu ndi mbewu zina. M'chaka kusamalira mbewu, msipu ng'ombe, m'dzinja - kukolola yozizira - ankachita ntchito zapakhomo, mpumulo. Health chikhalidwe wakhala chinthu chofunika mu chikhalidwe chonse anthu, chikumbumtima Pawokha zasintha mchikakamizo cha zinthu zachilengedwe.

Onse wasintha kwambiri m'zaka makumi awiri, pa adzatumpha yaikulu mu chitukuko cha sayansi. Kumene, patsogolo ntchito anthu ali kwambiri zoipa ndi chilengedwe, koma adaunyema zolembedwa zonse kungasokoneze chilengedwe. Gulu la zinthu zachilengedwe kudziwa zimene anthu amakhudzidwa mokulirapo Nanga - zochepa. Anthu amakhala nthawi kupanga mkombero, ndipo zimenezi koma bwanji thanzi. Palibe periodicity, anthu akuchita ntchito yomweyo mwa chaka, kupuma pang'ono, zonse penapake mofulumira. Kumene, ntchito ndi moyo zinthu zasintha bwino, koma zotsatira za chitonthozo choterocho akumane kwambiri.

Lero, zakhudzana madzi, nthaka, mpweya, kusiya asidi mvula, kuwononga nyama ndi zomera kuwononga dongosolo ndi zipangizo. Kupatulira a wosanjikiza Mpweya umene ndi siingakhoze kuwopsyeza zotsatira. Zonsezi kumabweretsa kusintha chibadwa, masinthidwe, thanzi anthu chatsika ndi kudutsa chaka, chiwerengero cha odwala matenda osachiritsika akuchulukirachulukira. Per munthu Pamlingo waukulu kufooketsedwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kuphunzira zamoyo wa mawu amenewa. Poyamba, anthu amafa ndi kuzizira, kutentha, njala, ludzu, mu nthawi umunthu wathu "wokha sukhalira kukumba manda yake." Zivomezi, tsunami, kusefukira kwa madzi, moto - zinthuzo zonse zachilengedwe zapha anthu, koma kwambiri munthu Kukubweretsera masautso yekha. lathuli lili ngati sitima, imene pa mkulu liwiro ndi miyala. Kusiya mpaka mochedwa kwambiri kuti akonze zinthu, kuyesa uwononge zochepa, kuyandikira chikhalidwe.

zotsatira anthu pa chilengedwe

Anthu akudandaula za kusintha lakuthwa mu chilengedwe, kudwala ndipo ambiri bwino, koma kawirikawiri amadziwa okha izi ndi mlandu. zosiyanasiyanazo zinthu zachilengedwe kuti papita zaka zambiri, pakhala nthawi kutentha, kuzirala, atayanika nyanja, chisumbu anapita pansi pa madzi. Kumene, chikhalidwe cha munthu amakakamizidwa kuti azolowere zinthu, koma osaika anthu okhwima chimango, sanachite zinthu zokha ndipo mwamsanga. Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi zasintha zonse. Kwa zaka zambiri anthu ali litakonzedwa kuti asayansi nditagwira mutu wake, wosadziwa momwe kusintha zinthu.

Timakumbukirabe mammoths ndi zinyamazi, zinatha mu Ice Age chifukwa chithunzithunzi ozizira, ndi mmene mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera akhala napukuta pa nkhope ya dziko lapansi pa zaka 100 zapitazi, pali pafupi kutha? m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi amalimbikitsa mafakitale, ku midzi ya mankhwala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti uwononge nthaka ndi madzi, paliponse pali magalimoto machulukitsidwe. Pa dziko pafupifupi palibe malo amene akhoza kudzitama za mpweya wabwino, nthaka uncontaminated ndi madzi. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, moto wosatha, chifukwa cha zomwe angathe osati kutentha, komanso zochita za anthu, kuipitsa madzi ndi mankhwala mafuta, mpweya zoipa m'mlengalenga - izi zonse kungasokoneze chitukuko ndi kubalana wa zamoyo ndipo alibe thanzi anthu.

"Kapena munthuyo kuchepetsa utsi mu mlengalenga, kapena utsi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu mdziko lapansi" - mawu LA Baton. Inde, tsogolo zikuwoneka ogwetsa chithunzi. Maganizo abwino a anthu akumenyana pa zochepetsera kufala cha kuwonongeka analengedwa ndi pulogalamu, kuti mukupanga Zosefera zosiyanasiyana kuyeretsa, kufunafuna njira kuti zinthu zimene tsopano kuwononga kwambiri.

Njira yothetsera mavuto a zachilengedwe

Ubale ndi anthu lero sangathe kubwera kwa kugwirizana ndi. Boma ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma ndi ogwirizana ntchito kuthetsa mavuto alipo. Zonse muyenera kuchita kusamutsa kupanga sanali zinyalala, anatseka m'zinthu, pa njira ntchito zotheka wa energy- ndi chuma-sayansi. zachilengedwe ayenera kulingalira ndi kusinthidwa m'deralo. Kuwonjezeka mitundu ya zinthu pa anangotsala pang'ono kutha, pamafunika kuwonjezeka atangochimwa malo otetezedwa. Ndipo Chofunika, tiyenera kuphunzitsa anthu, kuwonjezera pa kupereka ambiri maphunziro zachilengedwe.