Evolution mu zamoyo - mbiriyakale ya ...

Kukula mbiri ya zinyama kumachitika malinga ndi malamulo ena, ndipo amakhala ndi mndandanda wa zinthu payekha. Biology kupambana mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19 akutumikira monga precondition kwa chilengedwe cha sayansi yatsopano - chisinthiko zamoyo. Nthawi yomweyo anayamba kufala. Ndipo likutsimikizira kuti chisinthiko zamoyo - ndi deterministic ndipo sizingasinthe ndondomeko za chitukuko za mitundu munthu ndi midzi yathunthu - anthu. Kumachitika mu biosphere Dziko Lapansi, zokhudza onse chigoba chake. Nkhaniyi itithandiza mmene kuphunzira mfundo za mitundu ndi zinthu zamoyo zinachita.

History of view zinachokera chitukuko

Science wadutsa njira yovuta mapangidwe malingaliro nthanthi za zimagwirira zakuya chikhalidwe cha lathuli. Iwo anayamba ndi ziphunzitso za chilengedwe zowonetseredwa ndi C. Linnaeus, Cuvier, Charles Layeleem. Woyamba zamoyo zinachita kungoganizira zinakambidwa ndi French wasayansi Lamarck mu "Philosophy wa Zoology". English wofufuza Charlz Darvin woyamba mu sayansi anena kuti zamoyo mu zamoyo - ndi ndondomeko zochokera kusintha majini ndi kusankha zamoyo. maziko ake ndi kulimbana kukhalapo.

Darwin ankakhulupirira kuti maonekedwe a kusintha mosalekeza mitundu chifukwa cha anatengera awo kuti kusintha zonse zinthu zachilengedwe. Kulimbana kukhalapo, monga wasayansi ya thupi ya maubwenzi ndi chilengedwe. Ndipo chifukwa chake chagona pa kufunafuna zamoyo mu kuchuluka kwawo ndi kukuza malo. zinthu zonse izi ndi zikuphatikizapo kusanduka. Biology, kalasi 9 amene aphunzira m'kalasi, kuganizira kusintha ndi kusankha zamoyo njira majini mu "chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko".

Kupanga kungoganizira chitukuko cha dziko organic

Pa moyo wa Charles Darwin maganizo ake anyozedwa ndi akatswiri odziwika bwino monga F. Jenkin ndi Bambo Spencer. M'zaka za m'ma 20, chifukwa kafukufuku mofulumira majini ndi postulating malamulo cha chibadwa Mendel inasanduka n'zotheka kulenga kungoganizira kupanga chirengedwe. M'mabuku wake anafotokoza ngati asayansi otchuka monga S. Chetverikov D. Haldane ndi C. Reid. Iwo ankanena kuti zamoyo mu zamoyo - chodabwitsa patsogolo kwachilengedwenso, amene ali fomu aromorphoses, idioadaptatsy okhudza anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Malinga amanena, mfundo ndi zamoyo zinachita mafunde moyo, kulowerera majini ndi kudzipatula. Kupanga chitukuko mbiri ya chikhalidwe ndinawona mu njira monga speciation, macroevolution ndi microevolution. Pamwamba maganizo sayansi akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati chimangirizo za chidziwitso cha masinthidwe, ndiyo gwero la kusintha chibadwa. Komanso maganizo a anthu, monga structural unit wa chitukuko mbiri ya mtundu.

ndi zamoyo zonse za chilengedwe zimene?

Mawu amenewa amatchedwa biogeocenotic mlingo wa gulu la zinyama. Zimachitika njira microevolution zokhudza anthu a mtundu umodzi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, n'zotheka zikamera wa subspecies latsopano ndi mitundu. Pano pali njira zimene zingachititse kuti maonekedwe a taxa - genera, mabanja ndi makalasi. Iwo ali macroevolution. Vernadsky kafukufuku kusonyeza kuti ubwenzi wa magulu osiyanasiyana a gulu la nkhani akukhala biosphere ndi, amatsimikizira kuti biogeocoenosis - ndi chilengedwe njira chisinthiko.

Pa pachimake, ndiko, ndi topezeka khola, mmene muli zosiyanasiyana anthu a makalasi ambiri, Kusintha chifukwa kusanduka coherent. Species ya Biogeocenoses izi khola otchedwa tsenofilnymi. Ndipo zinthu kusokonekera kwa dongosolo, pali kusanduka incoherent mwa zosawononga chilengedwe pulasitiki, otchedwa tsenofobnyh mitundu. Ataliatali nyama anthu osiyana mitundu yemweyo kusintha maiwe jini awo ndi kuswa pafupipafupi yatsoka imene imachititsa osiyana. Amatero zamoyo ano. The zamoyo wa dziko organic, amene tidzakambirana mwa ife pansipa, akutsimikizira zimenezi.

Magawo chitukuko cha chikhalidwe

Akatswiri monga S. Razumovsky ndi V. Krasilov anatsimikizira kuti mlingo wa zamoyo wa chikhalidwe chomwe chikumuchititsa chitukuko ndi m'goli. Iwo amazengereza ndi pafupifupi imperceptible kusintha mu Biogeocenoses khola. Iwo zikuchepa inapita patsogolo pa nthawi ya ngozi zachilengedwe .. masoka Anthu anapanga, kusungunuka oundana, etc. Mu biosphere masiku ano kunyumba kwa mitundu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni a zamoyo. Ofunika kwambiri a iwo akuphunzira Biology (kalasi 7) pa moyo wa munthu. Evolution mogwirizana, Coelenterata, Arthropoda, Chordata ndi Kuvuta pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka kwa magazi, ndi kupuma, kachitidwe mantha nyama.

Zotsalira woyamba wa zamoyo zimapezeka mu nyanja miyala Archean. m'badwo wawo ndi zaka pafupifupi mabiliyoni 2.5 zaka. The eukaryotes choyamba anaonekera pa chiyambi cha nyengo Proterozoic. Zosintha zotheka magwero a zinthu multicellular kufotokoza malingaliro sayansi fagotsitelly Mechnikov ndi gastraea E. Getellya. Evolution mu zamoyo - ndi njira ya chilengedwe ku woyamba mitundu Archean moyo zosiyanasiyana nyama ndi zomera za Cenozoic Masiku ano.

malingaliro amakono za zamoyo wa zinthu

Iwo zinthu zimene kusintha dziphunzitsiranso mu zamoyo. genotype yawo kwambiri kutetezedwa ku makhalidwe Link (conservatism pa dziwe jini a mitundu). nkhani cholowa akhoza adasandulika ndi jini masinthidwe chromosomal. Iyi ndi njira - kupeza makhalidwe atsopano ndi katundu - pali zamoyo wa nyama. Biology adaphunzira mu zigawo monga poyerekeza ndi mmene thupi, biogeography ndi chibadwa. Kubalana ngati chinthu cha kusanduka, ndi yofunika kwambiri. Imakhala kusintha kwa mibadwo ndi kupitiriza kwa moyo.

Man ndi Biosphere

Ndondomeko za chitukuko za zipolopolo Dziko Lapansi ndi ntchito geochemical zinthu zamoyo kuphunzira zamoyo. Zamoyo wa biosphere kwa dziko lathu ali yaitali Geological mbiri. Iwo anayamba kupanga ndi Vernadsky m'chiphunzitso chake. Iye anaupatsa akuti "noosphere", kumvetsa pansi pa chikoka cha sadziwa (maganizo) a zochita za anthu pa chilengedwe. Kukhala kanthu, aphatikizidwa chipolopolo onse a dzikoli, modifies iwo ndi kuthandauza za vuto la zinthu ndiponso mphamvu.