Kapangidwe Social

Society wapangidwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana omwe zimachitika nthawi zonse - kuyambira munthu, mabungwe ndi anthu kuti m'madera. Zonsezi zili m'gulu la lingaliro la chikhalidwe dongosolo. Mu mawu ena kulankhula, izi ndi zimene mbali, zinthu anapeka anthu ndipo maubale ndiponso zimene ankachita ali. Mu Chaanthu, nthawi yoyamba mfundo kapangidwe ka anthu kutsatira Herbert Spencer, ankadziwa mawu ubale wolimba pakati pa chamoyo chikhalidwe ndi ziwalo yense payekha. Iye, ambiri, anthu akuyerekezeredwa ndi thupi. Ndi H. Spencer, zinthu zokhudza - njirayi, malo zinthu inakula zinchito ndi ubale pakati pa iwo, kupanga eni dongosolo chinthu.

Pali matanthauzo angapo akuti. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa iwo: zinthu zokhudza - njira zina za interconnection ndi mogwirizana kwa zinthu, ndiko kuti, anthu amene ali pagulu (statuses) ndi ntchito yeniyeni (maudindo). Iwo Tingaone kuti chinthu chachikulu tanthauzo limeneli - zinthu kulankhulana ndi anzake. Kapena Mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo kuti amaganizira zigawo kapena strata a anthu: chikhalidwe kapangidwe ndi ya malo onse, inakula ndi zimavuta, hierarchically lolongosoka mwa mawu a stratification awo.

The katundu wa dongosolo chikhalidwe tinganene kuti malingana ndi zosintha zotsatirazi:

1. kudalirana.

2. mosalekeza.

3. anayezanso ofunika.

4. kudziwa Impact pa chodabwitsa empirically anati.

Kapangidwe Social pamene dongosolo - ndi njira interconnection subsystems kuti ndizigwira mmenemo ndi kuonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwake. Kodi subsystems aphatikizidwa dongosolo anthu? Kapangidwe Social akuphatikizapo onse gulu la anthu (dera), ogwirizana ndi ena muyezo, kugwirizana kwawo, maubwenzi ndi ankachita, mabungwe osiyana ndi mabungwe, magulu, dera, malamulo, mfundo, ndi zambiri. Aliyense wa zinthu izi, mbali ya kapangidwe angakhale pa ubwenzi makamaka ndi ena, zatenga malo ena ndi yofunika yeniyeni anthu.

The kusanthula kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo chikhalidwe anapatsidwa ndi Karl Marx, amene anasonyeza kuti ndale, chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo mbali ya moyo zimadalira akafuna kupanga. Iye anaona kuti m'munsi chuma ndiyo maganizo ndi chikhalidwe superstructure a anthu. The otsatira komanso ophunzira a Karl Marx akufuna mtima yosiyana, kuganizira chikhalidwe, ndale maganizo bungwe ndi yoyenda yokha ndipo amadalira chigawo zachuma kenako okha.

Koma ganizirani za Karl Marx ndi otsatira ake pa asapita chikhalidwe mu kapangidwe ka anthu anali yekha. Choncho, Durkheim analemba, makamaka, kuti mabungwe chikhalidwe kusewera ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri mu kusakanikirana kwa anthu, kubweretsa pamodzi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za izo palimodzi. Iye ananena kuti mitundu iwiri ubale structural: mechanistic ndi organic umodzi. Weber anaphunzira ndipo anachititsa kusanthula dongosolo nchito anthu: msika, bureaucracy ndi ndale.

T. Parsons amakhulupirira kuti kampani ndi mtundu wapadera wa dongosolo chikhalidwe, amene ali mkulu mlingo wa specialization ndi Kudzidalira. Zinchito umodzi wa anthu pamene dongosolo zotsimikizika ndi subsystems chikhalidwe, imene amataya chuma (anatengera), ndale (tseledostizheniya), chikhalidwe (chitsanzo yokonza). Integrative chomwecho ntchito anthu anatsimikiza ndi dongosolo "dera societal" wopangidwa mwa dongosolo makamaka zolimbana.