Kodi ndi "amanena amafuna umboni"

Pachikhalidwe amaganiza kuti anayambitsa sayansi ya Masamu ndi Ahelene, amene anabwereka kwa Aigupto luso kuyeza mabuku a matupi osiyana ndi dziko lapansi. Aiguputo akale, kuika malamulo ambiri pa nthawi, anapanga choyamba ntchito woonekeratu. Iwo anasonyeza zinthu zonse za njira tikadziwe ochepa maganizo nedokazyvaemyh kapena axioms. Choncho, ngati axiom - mawu sikutanthauza umboni kuti "amanena amafuna umboni"? Pamaso kumvetsa izi, muyenera kumvetsa Kodi mawu akuti "umboni".

kutanthauzira kwa chiphunzitso cha

Umboni (kulungamitsidwa) chikuyimira zomveka choonadi ndondomeko kukhazikitsa chiyanjo yeniyeni ndi zonena zina zimene kale kutsimikiziridwa kale. Choncho, pamene inu kufotokoza zimene akufunazo A amusankha ngati maweruzo B, C ndi D, amene A motere monga chotsatira zomveka.

Umboni amene ntchito mu sayansi, ndi anapeka zosiyanasiyana mfundo zokhudzana ndi mzake kuti kufufuza ndi chofunika kuti zikamera ndi mzake, ndi zina zotero.

Umboni ndi Asayansi

Chitukuko cha sayansi aliyense anatsimikiza ndi digiri ya ntchito m'menemo umboni umene zifukwa choonadi ndi bodza ena kunena zina. umboni kuti anathandiza kuchotsa maganizo olakwika, kutsegula malo sayansi zilandiridwenso. mitundu A nawo kugwirizana zonena zosiyanasiyana zina sayansi limachititsa kudziwa matabwa ake ndi zomveka.

Mu masiku ano ndiye chimagwiritsidwa ntchito logic ndi masamu, iwo ndi kusanthula njira pamene pali kufunika kudziwa inferences dongosolo.

masamu

Pakuti ambiri, amadziwa sayansi, ngati masamu, funso n'lakuti kuti mawu amenewa, napempha umboni. Yankho ( "zidole" umboni izi) - Lingaliro Lovomerezeka izi.

Ndi mawu masamu, amene kulondola kale anaika mwa umboni. Palokha, mfundo "Lingaliro Lovomerezeka" ali kusanduka pamodzi ndi lingaliro la "umboni masamu". Ku mawonedwe njira axiomatic, ndi Lingaliro Lovomerezeka chiphunzitso chilichonse ndi mawu amene amaoneka okha zomveka njira yotulukira zina mawu kale mapulani otchedwa axioms. Ndipo popeza axiom ndi zoona, ziyenera kukhala zoona, ndipo Lingaliro Lovomerezeka.

Mawu ena amafuna umboni (Lingaliro Lovomerezeka), amene zogwirizana ndi mfundo za "zomveka zotsatira". Choncho, pa nthawi ya mfundo zomveka ndondomeko svolsya kuti zikamera wa mitunduyi masamu kapena mawu amene analembedwa pa chinenero yeniyeni wanenedwa malamulo zokhudza kuti zili maganizo ndi maonekedwe ake. Motero, chiphunzitso umakhala mitunduyi umboni ndondomeko omwe ali axiomatic.

Mu masamu, ndi Lingaliro Lovomerezeka mawu kapena zofuna umboni ndi chilinganizo otsiriza m'kati kutsimikizira chiphunzitso. chiphunzitso ichi chinapangidwa chifukwa cha ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana masamu. Ndipo anapezanso kuti ziphunzitso axiomatic, zomwe zili mbali ya nthambi zosiyanasiyana za masamu, ndi chosakwanira. Choncho, pali zinadziwika chikhulupiriro kapena Bodza la amene sakhoza akayiyike pa maziko a zomveka njira ya axioms. Chotero chiphunzitso insoluble si njira ya kuthetsa.

Choncho, amanena pamafunika umboni wa masamu Iwo amatchedwa Lingaliro Lovomerezeka.

nzeru

Philosophy ndi sayansi kuti Maphunziro a dongosolo zokhudza makhalidwe ndiponso mfundo zenizeni ndi chidziwitso. Choncho, mmene ichi ndi mawu zofuna umboni? Yankho: "Avatar," anatero nkhani yolembedwa izi.

Iye Pankhaniyi ndi nzeru zaumunthu kapena m'maphunziro malo, mawu ayenera kukhala ndi umboni. Kale, mawu akuti wapeza tanthauzo lapadera, kuyambira pamenepo, lingaliro la "otsutsana" imene ili mu mawu kosagwirizana kapena kumasulira. Ndiye Kant anafotokoza mfundo yakuti n'zotheka kufotokoza mfundo zotsutsana ndi ponena chomwecho. Mwachitsanzo, n'zotheka kutsimikizira kuti dziko malire nanyamuka mwangozi, izo wapangidwa ndi maatomu indivisible, mmenemo pali ufulu. Mawu amenewa nzeru zapamwamba ananena kuti mndandanda wa nkhani yolembedwa ndi otsutsana. Mawu zotsutsana amafuna umboni, ndi zotsutsana insoluble, chifukwa chakuti maganizo akupita kupyola luso chidziwitso cha munthu.

Mu nzeru za chinthu chomwecho ndi zimachitika chuma, zomwe nthawi yomweyo anakana. Choncho, zigawo zimenezi zili mu umodzi, ife tiyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zitatu: zinthu anachititsa (umboni) limaphunzitsa.

Potengera izi Gegel dialectic njira zonse anali kulimbikira, zochokera kusintha kwa nkhani yolembedwa ndi umboni kwa kaphatikizidwe. Wasanduka chida yomanga metaphysics.

mfundo

Mu nzeru ya mawu pamafunika umboni, umatchedwanso nkhani yolembedwa ndi. Pankhaniyi amachita monga chiweruzo yolondola anakankhira Goliyati, iye ayenera zifukwa m'kati umboni. The nkhani yolembedwa ndi mbali yaikulu ya mkanganowo.

malamulo

Mu ndondomeko ya zifukwa zogomeka nkhani yolembedwa zikhale chomwecho. Ngati chikhalidwe ichi anagwiriridwa zimenezi zimadzetsa chakuti mawuwo sadzakhala kuti umboni. Apa ntchito bwinobwino, "Ndani kwambiri umboni zimenezi sizikutsimikizira kanthu!"

Onani china kuganizira funso limeneli, amanena pamafunika umboni sayenera Mipikisano ofunika. ulamuliro zimalepheretsa ndi zovuta malo pamene kutsimikizira. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri munthuyo anena kwambiri, ngati umboni uliwonse, koma kuti akhalabe bwinobwino, kuti mtsutso wake mpaka kalekale. The ambiguity mawu kumabweretsa mikangano zipatso, pakuti uliwonse wa zipani ndi maganizo osiyana a zinthu anatsimikizira.

mawu sikutanthauza umboni

More Aristotle, kuganizira funso zonena ndi arguable, kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso cha syllogisms. Syllogisms zigwirizana zonena, amene ali mawu "mulole" kapena "ayenera" m'malo mwa "ndi." Chotero mawu ali nawatsimikizira sayesedwa wolungama, chifukwa zinthu wawo sikuti zatsimikiziridwa. Izi zikutipatsa funso poyambira chitukuko cha sayansi. Malinga ndi Aristotle, aliyense sayansi ayenera kuyamba ndi mawu omwe safuna umboni. Iye anawatcha iwo axioms.

axiom

mawu sikutanthauza umboni - izo ndi axiom. Si kofunika kutsimikizira kuchita, m'pofunika kokha kufotokoza kuti izi zinali zoonekeratu. Ponena za axioms, Aristotle ankaona Masamu amene akutenga mawonekedwe systematization. Masamu ndi sayansi woyamba, umene ntchito mawu kuti sikufunika kulungamitsidwa. Ndiye kunali zakuthambo monga kulungamitsa zoyenda ya mapulaneti m'pofunika amachita masamu. Monga mukuonera, sayansi kale alimbane ngati wolowezana.

Mitundu ya Sciences ya Aristotle

Aristotle pa zolinga zikuluzikulu atapereka mitundu itatu Sciences. Ongolankhula sayansi kupereka chidziwitso kaonedwe imene maganizo wotsutsana. Masamu apa ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Iwo zikuphatikizapo sayansi metaphysics.

Sciences othandiza ukunenedwa kukhala odziletsa kuti khalidwe la anthu mmadera. Izi zikhoza monga Mwachitsanzo, makhalidwe.

sayansi luso Cholinga chake ndi chilengedwe cha chilengedwe cha zinthu kasamalidwe ntchito pa moyo wawo kapena kusangalala awo luso.

Aristotelian mfundo sikuli kwa gulu lina la sayansi. Iwo amachita ngati njira ambiri ntchito zinthu, zomwe ndi kuvomerezedwa aliyense wa sayansi ya. mfundo The zikufotokozedwa monga chida chimene adzamanga kafukufuku wa sayansi, chifukwa amapereka i kwa zimasiyanitsa ndi umboni.

analytics

Katswiri amaphunzira mitundu ya umboni. Izo linawola ya kulingalira m'zigawo losavuta, ndi kwa iwo kale kusamukira ku mitundu zovuta maganizo. Choncho umboni wa dongosolo sikutanthauza kulingalira.

Choncho, logic ndi analytics kufufuza ngati amanena zimenezi, amene sikutanthauza umboni. Kuti, chifukwa mafakitale awa amakhala ndi axioms magetsi. Komanso, iwo amakonda kufotokoza mfundo zimenezi mawu, ndi kumupempha umboni. Mayankho a mafunso amenewa mu nthambi iliyonse ya sayansi, popeza palibe maphunziro a sayansi si popanda logic ndi nzeru.

Ubwenzi ku chenicheni

Popeza kuti ayankhe funso la chimene mawu amenewa, chimene chimafuna umboni, zinadziwika: chikhalidwe cha umboni kuti mawu amene ali mikangano anafotokoza kuti boma lenileni la zinthu, kapena ndi mfundo zina, kuona kwake kwa omwe anasonyeza kale. Mwachitsanzo, zina, choonadi cha zinadziwika akhoza m'Malemba kudzera mwa kuyesera (thupi, zamoyo mankhwala), zotsatira zomwe kumaoneka ndi kuti akumane ziweruzo ananena kapena ayi. M'mawu ena, zotsatira kufufuza kukhala chitsimikizo cha choonadi cha mawu, kapena kukana ake.

Ndipo nthawi zina, pamene n'zosatheka kuchita zimenezo, anthu amachita zonena zina zomveka za chimene chimabweretsa choonadi cha mawu ake. umboni umenewu lero ntchito ya sayansi, kumene zinthu ndi malire a kuthekera anthu kuwayang'ana iwo. Izi ndi zoona makamaka masamu, pomwe chiweruzo sangathe experimentally kuyesedwa. Choncho, amanena pamafunika umboni wa "Avatar" amatanthauza Lingaliro Lovomerezeka, njira yokhayo choonadi chimene ndi umboni wa amachotsera zochokera mawu kale kutsimikiziridwa woona.

zotsatira

mawu A chimene chimafuna umboni ayenera amapereka mwa mfundo. Monga akhoza ziweruzo zimene kalero kutsimikiziridwa Mwachitsanzo, axioms, malamulo, matanthauzo, munali mawu a choona. Mfundo ntchito kutsimikizira ali cholukanalukana poyerekezera pafupi ndipo zikuimira mtundu wa umboni. Iwo apanga zosiyanasiyana kumasulira, zimene zikugwirizana mu mndandanda.

Pa Mwachitsanzo, taonani mfundo pamafunika umboni "zitsulo tinasonkhanitsa pa kuyesera -. Si ndi sodium" Pofuna kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi, mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. zitsulo onse soda pa madzi firiji anali linakwiriridwa.

2. Sodium ndi wa zitsulo soda. Choncho, izo linawola madzi.

3. anapanga zitsulo pa madzi kuyesera si linakwiriridwa. Choncho, chotsatira zitsulo - palibe ndi sodium.

Monga mukuonera, ndi mikangano yonse ntchito zoona, umboni kuti zidzachitika chifukwa cha polojekiti, mwachidule awonera m'mbuyomo, syllogistic kulingalira. Ndondomeko umboni pano zachokera awiri kulingalira, chotsatira wina ndi choyambilira mu nkhani iyi ena.