Kodi stylistically akuda mawu? stylistic ochekenera

Iwo ali nthambi za sayansi zimene amachita ndi maphunziro a ntchito kusiyanitsidwa a chinenero mu kulankhulana, komanso kupereka nzeru ndi zonse ku chinenero palokha, ndipo yoyenera zikutanthauza koyenera kuti ntchito zake. Iyo imatchedwa "kalembedwe" ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo anali apamwamba (oratory lingaliro), amene anachitira yekha ndi kalembedwe anthu kulankhula. Kalembedwe sayansi chimakwirira machitidwe onse a njira kulankhula. Ndi mtundu wa chiphunzitso ndi zonse ndi ndondomeko zothandiza kwambiri mawu a maganizo.

Kodi stylistically akuda mawu?

Iwo akugwiritsidwa kokha mu masitaelo zapadera monga:

1. mawu Scientific. Pamafunikanso mawu ogwiritsa ntchito pa maphunziro, sayansi ndi umisiri (mwachitsanzo, osiyanasiyana, laser ndi zina zotero. D.).
2. lotanthauzira Political. Nawa mawu ntchito m'munda ndale komanso (phungu, nkhani yolembedwa, amaganiza ndi zina zotero. N.).
3. Kucheza mawu. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi mawu omwe ntchito kwenikweni mu kulankhulana m'banja pakamwa (zithunzi zazikulu, ndipo Inet T. D.). Monga mbali ya ntchito zaluso ndi ntchito mapangidwe a m'nkhaniyi.

Polongosola mwachidule pamwamba, tikhoza kunena zimenezi stylistically utoto mawu. Awa ndiwo mawu amene anawonjezera phindu, yeniyeni, iwo amachitcha chinthu ndi kupatsira kuti adziwe zoyenera (kunyalanyaza, pakuvomereza, Izitu n'zovutitsa, ndi zina zotero. P.), komanso maganizo ena pa iye.

Mtundu wa stylistic ochekenera

Pamafunikanso zigawo ziwiri:

1. zinchito-chandamale stylistic ochekenera (coloration mayunitsi munthu chinenero), amene nawonso, lagawidwa zitatu zikuluzikulu:

• kukambirana;
• buku;
• ndale.

Mitundu iwiri yoyambirira angathe kukhala:

- njira kalembedwe (mwachitsanzo, mapangano (ndale) - Mgwirizano (kukambirana);

- mawu (mwachitsanzo, malo (ndale) - malo (buku);

- Zining'a (mwachitsanzo, kutambasula miyendo (kukambirana) - kupuma kugona lomaliza (buku);

- maganizo (Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha zinthu sanali zouluka nyengo, ndege anachedwa (ndale) - chifukwa cha chifunga, sindinkafuna amauluka (colloquial).

2. limaonetseratu-stylistic ochekenera kuwunika (palibe kumanga kuti kalembedwe makamaka zopezeka mawu) zikuphatikizapo mitundu itatu:

• yafupika;
• adakula;
• ndale.

Chitsanzo: moyo (ndale) - zhituha (yafupika) - moyo (kuchuluka).

mawu ndale stylistically penti

Kayankhulidwe ka chinenero mabuku akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu zigawo zikuluzikulu ziwiri: stylistically wachikuda ndi ndale mawu.

Ndale mawu - mawu amene si womangidwa kwa aliyense wa masitaelo alipo wa kulankhula, ndiko kuti, angagwiritsidwe ntchito dongosolo lililonse la kulankhula kumatanthauza chifukwa zimasonyeza ndi maganizo a anthu akuda. Komabe, mawu amenewa ofanana matanthauzo stylistic (chitachitika, buku wamba).

Malinga M. V. Lomonosova chiphunzitso ( "utatha atatu"), mawu ena onse mwina chuma dongosolo mkulu mawu (mwachitsanzo, kupumula ndi dziko T. D.) Kapena otsika (mwachitsanzo, tsiku lina, mimba ndi m. N ) ..

Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali mawu olankhulidwa (imvi gelding, tsyts, etc ...) Ndipo bukhulo lomwe Nayenso lagawidwa mitundu zotsatirazi:

• boma malonda (kampani, protocol, etc ...);
• mawu mabuku (maso, magenta, etc ...);
• SF (cathetus, nkhani yolembedwa, etc ...);
• publicistic (ogwira ntchito kumunda, kanthu, ndi zina zotero. p.).

Directions kalembedwe zinenero

Awiri a iwo, makamaka:

• stylistics chinenero;
• kalembedwe wa kulankhula (zinchito stylistics).

The malangizo loyamba kuphunzira njira stylistic ya galamala ndi phraseology ndi dongosolo stylistic chinenero.

Chachiwiri - zosiyanasiyana kulankhula ndi kudalira awo mfundo zosiyanasiyana za zolinga.

Stylistics zinenero ayenera kukhala ndi mfundo ya kugwirizana ndi magwiridwe ndi kuonetsa ubale wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kulankhula cholinga kuti, omumvera ake, zikhalidwe za kulankhulana, mtima wolemba ndi kulankhula mwa addressee lapansi.

Magawo ake ofunika kwambiri ndi masitaelo zinchito (zosiyanasiyana chinenero muyezo, zimene mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo chikhalidwe).

Masitaelo - osakaniza zosiyana za ntchito chinenero mu ndondomeko ya kulankhulana. Aliyense dongosolo kulankhula kudzera amakhala ndi m'maganizo ndi ntchito chuma zinenero zosiyanasiyana, komanso kuphatikiza awo aliyense payekhapayekha ena.

Choncho, m'pofunika zopanga tanthauzo la zomwe ndi stylistics chinenero. Izi, kuposa zonse, nthambi ya zilankhulo kuti amaphunzira m'njira zosiyana (chinenero, kalankhulidwe mtundu wanyimbo, etc.). Komanso nkhani ya kufufuza ndi maganizo, limaonetseratu ndi evaluative katundu mayunitsi chinenero mawu paradigmatic (mwa dongosolo la chinenero), ndi mbali syntagmatic (m'madera osiyanasiyana kulankhulana).

Kapangidwe ka gawo amawaona zilankhulo

Kalembedwe chinenero chamakono Russian tichipeza zigawo zitatu zikuluzikulu:

1. kalembedwe malemba, amene amafufuza akuphatikizapo mkati osati chinenero cha macheza pakati zili (cholinga, mutu ndi zina zotero. D.) Ndi mawu chinenero.

Pakuti gawo ili, n'kofunika kumanga malemba, mogwirizana kwa zinthu zake structural, ubale wa mawonekedwe ndi wokhutira, mmene zolinga kulankhula kwa wolemba ndi addressee, komanso mmene zinthu ofunika. Ambiri, mbali yofunika ndi ankaimba ndi mlingo wa Kuwulura ntchito yeniyeni kulankhula.

2. stylistics zinchito lolunjika pa kuphunzira njira analipo a m'chinenero muzochitika yeniyeni ya zochita za anthu (utsogoleri, malamulo sayansi, umoyo ndale, ndi zina zotero).

3. chuma kalembedwe (stylistics zothandiza) ndi chinkhoswe kafukufuku chuma zinenero mawu a mitundu awo stylistic (maganizo limaonetseratu ndi zinchito-kalembedwe). Ikufotokoza mbali ndi za kwa ntchito mayunitsi a chinenero monga njira kulimbikitsa mawu a malingaliro enieni, maganizo, ndi kutengerapo zambiri.

M'mawu ena, sitayilo ya chinenero chamakono Russian, komanso chikhalidwe cha kulankhula ndi apamwamba amaphunzira zokhudza mlingo wa ntchito chinenero ndi ntchito ndi ndalama yake pansi pa kulankhulana mawu. chidwi ndi vutoli ndi zonse kwa zosiyanasiyana expressiveness wa kulankhula.

Choncho, chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti zigawo zonse za kalembedwe akhoza zakambidwa mwachidule ngati tanthauzo lake. Malinga stylistic Buku Dictionary chinenero Russian, ndi nthambi ya zilankhulo kuti amaphunzira maluso chinenero cha njira yake akuti ndi mfundo za ukugwirira ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a zochita za anthu.

The zili kalembedwe othandiza

Choyamba, kumaphatikizapo zambiri ndi za masitaelo chinenero. Chachiwiri, stylistics othandiza kumaphatikizapo ziyenera a limaonetseratu ochekenera maganizo a zinthu zomwe zilipo chinenero. Kachitatu, gawo limeneli lili lofanana chuma chinenero.

penipeni zapatsidwa kwa otsiriza, kuti:

• chinenero zambiri palibe ofanana matanthauzo mtheradi;
• Kusiyana n'chimodzimodzi ayenera nthawi zonse zizigwirizana malamulo zolembalemba;
• Chakuti kufanana kwa ofanana monga phunziro la moyo wawo nthawi yomweyo ndi pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kusanduka awo.

M'pofunikanso mu chimango cha kugwiritsa ntchito stylistic kalembedwe ndi lexical chuma cha chinenero.

Mbiri ya zamoyo wa kalembedwe

Monga tanena kale, kuloŵedwa m'malo mwa mawonekedwe yamakono ya kalembedwe anali poetics wakale ndi akale ndi apamwamba. Woyamba chinaoneka ngati sayansi ya ndakatulo, ndipo chachiwiri - sayansi ya oratory, pakati kwa amene chinkhoswe mu chiphunzitso chokhudza mawu apakamwa zochokera kusankha mawu ena, mawu awo ndi mafanizo.

Mu chimango cha Russian stylistics mbali yofunika kwa chiphunzitso cha masitaelo woyamba Russian wasayansi-zachilengedwe M. V. Lomonosova.

Mawu akuti unachokera mu chiyambi cha m'ma XIX. makamaka ntchito mu German chikondi, ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma yemweyo kuyesa sayansi kulungamitsidwa kalembedwe ( "kalembedwe Philosophy" Herbert Spencer (1852) ndi Heymann Steinthal (1866).

Ndizosowa kalembedwe anaikidwa mu ntchito za AA ndi Potebni Veselovsky ( "Mbiri ya epithet").

M'njira yopapatiza kwambiri (monga dongosolo la zinthu la chinenero kulankhula pa malire a morpheme kuti chiganizo lonse), nthambi ili la zilankhulo ntchito American ofotokoza zilankhulo (40-50-ntchentche. M'zaka za m'ma XX-TH.).

M'njira timapangira, masitayeloŵa ankadziwa amakono a Chingelezi zilankhulo malemba. Komanso, izi kugwirizana mfundo monga kusintha ndi ufulu wosankha mitundu ndi njira ya wolemba lemba kapena Kuyankhula kwadzaoneni chosemphana choncho kufotokoza zambiri ndi galamala (malemba stylistics).

Monga chiphunzitso cha mawu ofananira ndi subsystems owonjezera kalembedwe chinenero ( "malamulo" wa chinenero, ndi zina zotero. D.) Maonekedwe anayamba kupanga ndi oimira Prague sukulu zinenero ndi mbiri yakale kale kwambiri (30-40-ntchentche. M'zaka za m'ma XX-TH.). Apa lonse kulankhula mchitidwe (m'kamwa kapena olembedwa) amamvedwa monga zotsatira za chisankho ndi wonena njira yeniyeni zinenero kuphatikizapo mwayi chisanadze kusamalira chinenero (kalembedwe, syntactic, phonetic, lexical). Komanso kuphatikiza zace, mu chimango cha mawu kuchita, ndithudi, malinga ake "ntchito".

Maziko a mtundu wa kutanthauzira kwa kalembedwe anali ndi maganizo "zinchito" ( "Kulankhulana") kalembedwe wa kulankhula. Iwo unadza mu lingaliro la Charles Bally: m'chinenero ndi kuikapo maganizo angapo mitundu n'chimodzimodzi, pamodzi ndi mizere awo, limodzi ndi "ndale maziko," ndipo ena onse a osiyanasiyana mtundu zina - stylistic.

Yosayambitsa kuti aziona mawu a stylistic

Zofunika awiri a iwo amaoneka, makamaka:

1. Kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa mawu ndiwe wa makamaka kalembedwe zinchito chinenero Russian.
2. Kupezeka kwa mitundu maganizo a mawu (mwayi limaonetseratu za mayunitsi chinenero).

Lingaliro la sayansi stylistic

Stylistic mawu - ndi chuma cha zili kapena mtundu phokoso unit zinenero zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimasokoneza ntchito ya kalembedwe yeniyeni. Iwo ali dzina lina - kumatanthauza (wokhala).

Nthawi zambiri, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa tanthauzo stylistic ndi lexical mayunitsi chinenero. Mwachitsanzo, mawu monga mphumi, masaya, milomo ndi malingaliro anatomical (mbali ya Chibade cha mbali ya nkhope, makutu khungu minofu), ndi tserkovnoslavyanizmy lolingana (mphumi, masaya, milomo) - ". Gwero ulaliki wanzeru" "mosungiramo maganizo"

Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti apa merges ndi kumatanthauza tanthauzo lexical mawu. Komabe zamalankhulidwe kusiyana stylistic embodiments akhoza kukhala kochepa (mwachitsanzo, Breg - Beach, kuzizira - ozizira, etc ...). Pa nkhani imeneyi, tikhoza kusankha stylistic Mbali mfundo ufulu wodzilamulira.

zigawo osayenera

Atatu a iwo:

1. Zinchito-kalembedwe. Iwo amasonyeza unit wa chinenero ndiwe wa kalembedwe makamaka.
2. Mumtima woikidwiratu. Mbali imeneyi amakhazikitsa ubale wa wolankhulayo cholinga kulankhula.
3. Limaonetseratu (limaonetseratu). Iye amasonyeza chilakolako cha woyankhula, titero, "wokongoletsa" izo. Zowombetsa mkota expressivity akhoza kumva monga kasinthidwe mawonekedwe a mkati mwa mawu (kugwirizana pakati pa mtengo ndi phokoso).

Mbali stylistic mayunitsi chinenero

Ambiri a iwo sanalole kuonetsetsa zotsatirazi:

• m'munsi:

- kulankhula ntchito (kulankhulana ndondomeko);

- chidziwitso (ganizo ndondomeko).

• chachikulu;
• zotumphukira (tsankho).

mbali Stylistic mawu (chinenero) anawagawa m'magulu atatu:

• nominative (lakuti zodabwitsa ndi zinthu zenizeni extralinguistic);
• maganizo (chisonyezo cha ubale wa wokamba kuti mawu chinthu);
• conative (lathu wachibale interlocutor a).

ntchito Basic zambiri amatchedwa zinenero ambiri, zomwe zimapezeka mu chiwerengero cha mawu (popanda kutchula amayanjana stylistic).

Clichés ndi kantselyarizmy

Kodi mawu stylistically utoto, poyamba kukambirana ndi tsopano ofunika kuthana ndi zolakwika kuti chifukwa cha ntchito zawo oipa. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa mayunitsi chinenero, amene chikugwirizana ndi kalembedwe boma.

zanyengo aphatikizidwa mu stylistically sankaloledwa iwo nkhani, wotchedwa kantselyarizmami ( "Chirasha kalasi 10"). M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti mawu amenewa amatchedwa ntchito mawu okha milandu kumene ntchito mawu, omwe samangika miyezo ya kalembedwe imeneyi.

Ndi phraseological ndi lexical kantselyarizmam analandira mawu (mawu) ndi ambiri lililonse kwa mitundu wothandizira dongosolo mawu (mwachitsanzo, posowa, ngati aliyense, kuti akagwire ndi m. P.). ntchito zawo monga mbali ya kalembedwe imeneyi kumatithandiza stylistically understated.

M'pofunikanso kukumbutsa kuti mawu stylistically utoto - mayunitsi chinenero mtengo anawonjezera.

Mphamvu ya boma kalembedwe ofotokozedwa bwino ntchito clichés (mawu amene ndalandira ambiri kwambiri ndipo mawu amene inaipitsa achotsa manenedwe ndi atsikana). Mwachitsanzo, mu zosiyanasiyana zizichitika, nthawi zambiri anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kupeza kulembetsa" ( "The mpira, zomwe ntchentche mu cholinga, alandira nyumba chilolezo mu magome", "Aphrodite anakhala chionetsero okhazikika kusonkhanitsa zakale, pakuti walandira zogona chilolezo mu mzinda wathu").

Sitampu akhoza kukhala aliyense mobwerezabwereza mawu Mwachitsanzo mafanizo inayake (tanthauzo la zomwe anataya mphamvu wawo wophiphiritsa chifukwa cha ntchito zonse mu kukambirana). Komabe, mu kalembedwe othandiza mawu ali ndi kutanthauzira yopapatiza kwambiri: izo stereotyped mawu okhala zachipembedzo mtundu ( "Chirasha kalasi 10").

mawu mosalekeza mu mtengo CHOSADZIWIKA, akhoza kumachita monga clichés (mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero, nkhani, atumiza wofotokozedwa thupi, ikuchitika osiyana, ndi zina zotero).

Iwo ayenera wolemekezeka ku locales otchedwa (njira ya mawu amene amatembenuzidwa ku mawu, amene ntchito mu kalembedwe journalistic).

Zikuphatikizapo osakaniza ndi khalidwe khola (utumiki ntchito, ogwira ntchito m'boma, mayiko thandizo lokhudza anthu ndi zina zotero. D.). Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi atolankhani chifukwa chakuti n'zosatheka zonse reinvent njira wachibadidwe atsopano a mawu.