History Kufufuza pepala

Pepala anaonekera anthu kwa nthawi yaitali, kulemba anayambitsa kalelo. Inde, nkhani ya pepala tracings mwachita kwambiri. Ngati ife kutenga lingaliro la kudzikonda - kutsatira pepala, izo anatuluka French mawu "calque", kutanthauza buku. Inde, kutsatira pepala ntchito ngati kutali mmbuyo zaka za m'ma 17, mapulani, akatswiri ndi kudzinenera zina, ncholinga processing (buku) zojambula pa chithunzichi zosiyanasiyana ndi masanjidwe antchito. Nkosafuna kunena kuti chuma ndi chidwi chachikulu mu ndodo luso. Pambuyo copiers zonse m'masiku awo linali ntchito kutsatira pepala ndi ntchito kalavulagaga anthu.

Zaka zapita, luso kusanduka. Panali zosiyanasiyana kompyuta kukanathandiza dongosolo kapangidwe ndi maganizo "dzanja zojambula" watha kukhala zogwirizana. Kufufuza pepala kwa inki ali nkomwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito, monga kale, koma ndapeza tanthauzo lake yosindikiza yadigito. The katundu mochititsa chidwi kutsatira pepala, monga chilungamo ndi mkulu osalimba kupanga izo irreplaceable m'madera ena a makampani. Simungathe kulingalira Mwachitsanzo, kutengera fano lililonse, ngakhale digito, popanda overlays. mtundu wa njira "kwachikale" zathandiza moyo watsopano. Ponena za kutsatira pepala ndi inki - izo amenewa limagwirira zoyambirira za tanthauzo lake, ndi abwino kugwiritsa ntchito monga zojambula inki ndi zithunzi za kusinthasintha kwambiri. The kachulukidwe mkulu chuma limachititsa kulankhula za kulemba quality, komanso wosangalala kwambiri wathunthu wa zofuna za msika mu apamwamba zikopa lolembedwa pepala pa mtengo wololera. Chifukwa mulingo woyenera mtengo / khalidwe chiŵerengero ndi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana Leningrad Kufufuza ™ ndi yabwino yoti cholinga ichi. Pa chitukuko anali ntchito monga mfundo zambiri zokomera wa khalidwe ndi zapamwamba kwambiri luso pepala kupanga. Zimenezi zinachititsa kupeza apamwamba koma otsika mtengo ambiri-cholinga kutsatira pepala.

Mbali yaikulu ya kutsatira pepala - chilungamo, monga tanenera kale, ndi chifukwa, iye ali wotchuka mu makampani ogula tsopano ndi chaka chathachi. Quality kutsatira pepala angatchedwe zosavuta - ichi Kufufuza Leningrad ™ wokhutiritsa zofunikira zonse ndi miyezo boma pa chilungamo ndi makina zinthu zomwe malonda monga pepala zikopa lolembedwa. Pa gwero mwachindunji ndi poyerekeza khalidwe Gostovskaya tracings ndi Leningrad ™, lomwe limasonyeza kuti kukhala makulidwe wamkulu (choncho ndi osalimba apamwamba ndi nyonga), si otsika mu chilungamo. Palinso anandiuza kumene kugula kutsatira Choncho apa, chizindikiro chachikulu cha khalidwe kusungidwa pa mlingo woyenera, chifukwa njira zamakono sayansi.