Kumpoto Russia: ukulu, chikhalidwe, mbiri ndi chitukuko cha deralo

Kudziwa okhudza malo maufumu gulu Lazaro anakakhala pakati Volga ndi Oka mu IX-XII zaka zambiri, mbiri yakale anavomerezedwa mu ntchito mawu akuti "North-East Russia". Zimatanthauza dziko m'kati Rostov ndi Suzdal, Vladimir. Zona analinso n'chimodzimodzi mawu kuwalitsa kucheza ndi nyumba boma zaka osiyana - ". The Grand Duchy a Vladimir" "Rostov-Suzdal", "Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu," ndipo Mu theka lachiwiri la XIII m'ma Russia, amene ankatchedwa North-East Ndipotu sukukhalakonso - kuti achititsa kuti ambiri a zochitika.

Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani Rostov

Zonse zitatu za ukulu wa kumpoto Russia pooled dziko lomwelo, papita zaka koma likulu ndi olamulira. Mzinda woyamba kumangidwa ku mbali iyi, wakhala Rostov, m'mbiri amatchula zimenezi unayamba mu 862 BC. e. Isanafike mafuko woyamba anakhalapo kuno Meria, ndi onse a Finno-Ugric anthu. mafuko Asilavo ngati chithunzi sanali moyo, ndipo iwo - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenia - akhala mwachangu yolowera dziko.

Pambuyo mapangidwe Rostov, lomwe ndi limodzi mwa zisanu mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri mu ulamuliro wa mkulu wa Kiev, Oleg, kutchulidwa kwa Meria ndi midzi anali zokayikitsa kuonekera mu zolembedwa. Ena nthawi Rostov linagamula proteges akalonga Kievan, koma 987 wa ukulu kale analamulira Yaroslav Mudry - mwana wa Vladimir, kalonga wa Kiev. Ndi 1010-TH - Boris. Mpaka 1125, pamene likulu unasamutsidwa Rostov kuti ukulu Suzdal wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja kuthokoza olamulira a Kiev, izo zinkayenera olamulira yake. Wotchuka Rostov akalonga - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - mwachita kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha North-East Russia, zinachititsa chuma cha dziko lino, koma posakhalitsa Dolgoruky yomweyo anagwidwa likulu kuti Suzdal, kumene analamulira mpaka 1149. Koma iwo anamanga nyumba ambiri ndi mipingo mu kalembedwe dongosolo lomwelo serf ndi kufanana zolemeletsedwa, ndi squat. Pamene Dolgoruky anayamba olembedwa chinenero, Tirhana na Timatheriyali.

Anasiya Rostov

Rostov phindu anali Komabe, chidwi kwambiri kwa mbiri ya zaka. M'mbiri ya zaka 913-988. mawu amene akupezeka "Rostov dziko" - malo wolemera mu masewero, ntchito zamanja, handicrafts, yamitengo ndi zomangamanga mwala. The 991 Ndi mmodzi wa dioceses wamkulu mu Russia - Rostov - chinapangidwa apa si mwangozi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mzindawo unali pakati pa ukulu wa North-East Russia, anatsogolera malonda kwambiri ndi midzi ina ku Rostov akhamukira osema, omanga gunsmiths ... akalonga onse Russian anayesa kuti asilikali kumabungwewa. Kulikonse, makamaka akumidzi ochokera m'mayiko Kiev, analimbikitsa chikhulupiriro chatsopano.

Nditabwerera Yuriya Dolgorukogo mu Suzdal Rostov pamene Izyaslav Mstislavovich malamulo, koma pang'ono ndi pang'ono chikoka cha mzinda anafika kanthu, ndipo anayamba m'mbiri amatchula yosowa kwambiri. Center Duchy zaka pafupifupi kunditumiza ku Suzdal.

Anthu otchuka ang'onoang'ono anamangidwira malo okha, pamene amisiri ndi anthu wamba languished mu tinyumba ta matabwa. m'nyumba zawo ngati kosungira, katundu wa m'nyumba munkakhala matabwa. Koma mu zipinda anayatsa Lucin anabadwa chosaneneka, zovala, zapamwamba. Onse amene amadziwika, zinabala ndi mmene azikongoletsa nsanja zawo, anachita manja a osawuka ndi osema. chikhalidwe zodabwitsa za North-East Russia analengedwa mu lake limakhala la udzu kwake matabwa.

Rostov-Suzdal

Pa kochepa mpaka pakati pa North-East Russia zinali Suzdal ukulu anali kulamulira zonse zitatu za kalonga. Kuwonjezera loweruza, ana ake - cornflowers Yu ndi Andrew Yu, dzina Bogolyubsky, ndiyeno pambuyo kulanda likulu kuti Vladimir (mu 1169) ku Suzdal chaka analamulira Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, koma ntchito yapadera pazochitika mu mbiri Russian. akalonga onse a kumpoto Russia wotsikayo kuchokera Rurik, koma aliyense anali mtundu woyenera.

Likulu latsopano ukulu wa Rostov anali pang'ono wamng'ono ndipo poyamba amatchedwa Suzhdal. Akukhulupirira kuti mzinda analandira dzina la mawu akuti "adapumula", kapena "kumanga". Nthawi yoyamba pambuyo mapangidwe Suzdal anali m'linga yamalinga ndi kulamulira abwanamkubwa kalonga. Mu zaka zoyambirira za m'ma XII pakhala ena chitukuko cha mzinda, pamene kukula pang'ono ndi pang'ono zimachepa. Ndipo mu 1125, monga tanenera kale, Yuri Dolgoruky anasiya Rostov kamodzi kwambiri.

Pamene Yuri, amene amadziwika ngati tate wa Moscow, panali ena ofunika kwa mbiri ya Russia chochitika. Kotero, anali mu ulamuliro Dolgoruky kumpoto ukulu anamukwiyira olekanitsidwa Kiev muyaya. A mbali yaikulu iyi nyimbo ndi mmodzi wa ana a Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii kuti patrimony chopatulika kwambiri bambo ndi simukanati mulingalire ndekha popanda iye.

polimbana olemekezeka ndi kusankha likulu latsopano la Russia

Mapulani Yuriya Dolgorukogo, mmene anaona ana ake akuluakulu, atsogoleri a maufumu kum'mwera, ndipo wamng'ono - ambuye wa Rostov ndi Suzdal, ndipo sizichitika. Koma udindo wawo uli mu njira anali chofunika kwambiri. Choncho, Andrew analengeza yekha monga wolamulira wanzeru ndi kutali akuthwa. khalidwe lake wopulupudza scrambled kuti muli Mamembala ake olemekezeka, koma pano Bogolyubskii anafotokoza chifuniro awo kupita likulu ku Suzdal kwa Vladimir, kenako kupita yekha Kiev mu 1169.

Komabe, likulu la Kievan Lazaro osati anakopeka munthu uyu. Popeza anapambana onse mzinda ndi udindo wa "Grand Duke" iye sanakhale Kiev, ndi anabzala mu izo kazembe wa mng'ono wake Gleb. Rostov ndi Suzdal, iye anatenga udindo zazing'ono mbiri ya zaka, monga mwa nthawi imeneyo likulu la North-East Russia anali Vladimir. mzinda uno Andrei anasankha nyumba yake mu 1155, kale anagonjetsa Kiev. Kuchokera maukulu kum'mwera, kumene analamulira pa nthawi ina, iye anabweretsa kwa Vladimir ndi chizindikiro cha Amayi a Mulungu a Vyshgorod, amene amalemekezedwa kwambiri.

Kusankha likulu wakhala bwino: pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri, mzinda womwe unachitikira m'manja mwa Russia. Rostov ndi Suzdal anali kuyesera kuti ayambenso ulemerero kale, komabe ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya Andrew, amene mkulu monga Grand Duke anamuzindikira pafupifupi maiko onse Russian, koma kuti Chernigov ndi Galic, analephera.

infighting

Atamwalira Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal ndi Rostov Lankhula ndi ana a Rostislav Yurevich - Yaropolk ndi Mstislav - chiyembekezo kuti ulamuliro wawo adzabwerera mzinda ulemerero wake woyambirira, koma nthawi yaitali kugwirizana kwa a North-East Russia siinafike.

Vladimir analamulira ana aang'ono Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov ndi Vsevolod. Ndi nthawi likulu zatsopano kwambiri analimbitsa tanthauzo lake. Andrew anachita zambiri kuchita: bwinobwino anayamba kumanga, muulamuliro wake inamangidwa wotchuka Cathedral wa Akukwera, iye adafunafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa archdiocese osiyana mu ukulu wake ndi wolekana Kiev.

North-East Russia mu ulamuliro wa Bogolyubsky inasandulika chilikati cha kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian, ndipo kenako phata la dziko lalikulu Russian. Atamwalira Andrew wa Smolensk ndi Ryazan akalonga Mstislav ndi Jaropolk - ana a mmodzi wa ana a Dolgoruky Rostislav anayesa kulanda mphamvu Vladimir, koma amalume awo Michael ndi Vsevolod anali amphamvu. Komanso, iwo anali mothandizidwa ndi Prince Chernigovskiy Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Civil nkhondo inatenga zaka zoposa zitatu, kenako Vladimir wotetezedwa udindo wa likulu la North-East la Russia anasiya ndi Suzdal, Rostov ndi cholowa Kumvetsela maufumu.

Ku Kiev ku Moscow

M'mayiko North-kum'mawa kwa Russia totaled mwa nthawi zambiri m'matauni ndi m'midzi. Choncho, likulu latsopano anakhazikitsidwa mu 990 ndi Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem monga Vladimir pa-Klyazma. Ena zaka makumi awiri pambuyo maziko ake, mzinda, gawo la Rostov-Suzdal ukulu, sanazichite chidwi kwambiri pakati pa akalonga kulamulira (mpaka 1108). Panthawi imeneyi, iwo anayamba kulimbitsa mkulu wina - Vladimir Monomakh. Iye anali kupereka mzinda udindo wa Buku mfundo za North-East Russia.

chakuti mudzi waung'ono ati amene adzakhale likulu la mayiko Russian, sakanakhoza kuganiza za aliyense. Panatenga zaka zambiri pamaso Andrew anafotokoza chake ndipo anasamukira likulu la ukulu wake, zomwe zidzakhala pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Grand Duke a Vladimir anayamba ulemu, osati Kiev, likulu lakale la Russia wataya cholinga chake chachikulu, koma chidwi sanataye pakati pa akalonga. Sinthani Kiev kwa ulemu analemekeza lililonse. Koma kuchokera pakati pa XIV zana kamodzi kunja kwa mzinda wa mzinda wa Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu - Moscow - pang'ono ndi pang'ono panauka. Vladimir mofanana pa nthawi Rostov ndi Suzdal, ndiyeno - kutaya kukopa kwake. Anathandizira kwambiri kusamukira woyera mwala wa Metropolitan Peter mu 1328. Akalonga a kumpoto Russia kumenyana pakati pawo, ndi Moscow ndi Tver olamulira anayesetsa kupambana Vladimir ntchito mzinda waukulu wa mayiko Russian.

The cha m'ma XIV zinali zodzaza ndi chakuti eni m'dera tapatsidwa adzatchedwa Grand Duke wa Moscow, kotero Moscow sapambana mizinda ina linaonekera. Grand Duke Vladimir wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy otsiriza ankavala mutu, pambuyo olamulira onse Russia Munakuzitsa Grand Duke wa Moscow. Choncho anathetsa chitukuko cha North-East Russia monga wodziimira ngakhale zochuluka za ukulu.

Onongani kamodzi wamphamvu ukulu

Nditabwerera ku Moscow Metropolitan Vladimir ukulu lidagawikana. Vladimir Suzdal akalonga anaperekedwa Alexander, Veliky Novgorod ndi Kostroma anatenga ulamuliro wake Kalonga wa Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Yury Dolgoruky adafuna kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa North-East Russia ndi Novgorod Wamkulu - mapeto, izo zinachitira, koma posakhalitsa.

Atamwalira Suzdal Prince Alexander, mu 1331, dziko lake zapita kwa akalonga a Moscow. Ndipo zaka 10 pambuyo pake, mu 1341-m, dera la kale North-East Russia zinayamba kusokonekera: Nizhny Novgorod anapita Suzdal monga Gorodets, Vladimir ndi ukulu wakhala anatsalira ku Moscow olamulira amene nthawi imeneyo, monga tanenera kale, ankavala Great mutu. Choncho kuuka Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal ukulu.

Atayenda mu akalonga North-East Lazaro kum'mwera ndi likulu la dziko, militancy awo, anapereka pang'ono kuti chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi luso. Komabe, kulikonse kumanga akachisi latsopano mapulani amene anali njira yabwino Tirhana na Timatheriyali. Iwo amalenga sukulu dziko chithunzi kupenta ndi khalidwe la nthawi zokongoletsera yowala zokongola, pamodzi ndi kupenta Byzantine.

Land-tagwira Russian Mongolia

Ambiri ndifotokoze mavuto anthu a Russia mwabweretsa nkhondo zapachiweniweni, ndi kumenyana pakati pawo akalonga a nthawi, koma vuto zambiri zoopsa anafika ku Mongolia mu February 1238. Lonse la North-East Russia (mzinda wa Rostov, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) anali osati anawononga - iye anali pafupi ndi moto mpaka pansi. Ankhondo a Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich linathyoka detachment Temnik Burundi, kalonga anafa, ndi m'bale wake Yaroslav Vsevolod anakakamizika kugonjera chiguluchi onse. Mongol-Chitata yokhala okha anamuzindikira monga wamkulu wa akalonga onse Russian, kwenikweni, onse refueled. The kafukufuku akugonjetsa Russia yekha anatha kupulumuka Wamkulu Novgorod.

Mu 1259, Alexander Nevsky anali kalembera ku Novgorod, zachitika njira ya boma ndi munjira ina iliyonse zolimbitsira ake. Patatha zaka zitatu, mu Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl ndi Vladimir anaphedwa okhometsa msonkho, Russia North-East anapitiriza amaima pokonzekera wa anaukira ndi chiwonongeko. Izi muyeso Chilango kukanidwa - Alexander Nevsky panokha anapita ku gulu ndipo anakwanitsa kuteteza vuto, koma anafa pamene ndimabwerera. Izi zinachitika mu 1263. Only asilikali ake anakwanitsa kukhalabe ena okhulupirika Vladimir ukulu atamwalira Alexander, izo unasweka mu fiefdoms palokha.

Kumasulidwa kwa Russia kuchokera pa gori la Chitata, chitsitsimutso zaluso ndi chitukuko chikhalidwe

Wowopsa izo zakhala ziri zaka ... Pa dzanja limodzi - nkhondo ya North-East Russia, pa zina - pali kupitiriza kusiyana kupulumuka maukulu odzakhala chuma cha m'mayiko ena. Zowawa zonse: ndi olamulira ndi anthu awo. Kumasuka ku Mongol khans yekha mu 1362. Chirasha Chilituyaniya asilikali molamulidwa ndi Duke Algirdas anagonjetsa Chitata, chimakankhira wongosamukasamuka onsewa pankhondo ku Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, Pskov dera ndi dera Novgorod.

The zaka zingapo m'goli la mdani, ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa: chikhalidwe cha North-East Russia wafika kuima amphumphu. Chiwonongeko cha mizinda chiwonongeko cha mipingo, chiwonongeko cha mbali yaikulu ya anthu ndipo monga Motero - imfa ya mitundu ya zamanja. Pa awiri ndi theka zaka anaimitsa chikhalidwe ndi malonda chitukuko cha dziko. zipilala ambiri a matabwa ndi miyala zomangamanga anaphedwa mu moto kapena anali mu gulu la. ambiri mwa njira yomanga atayika, slesarstva ndi zamanja ena. marekodi ambiri olembedwa zinafa popanda sanachite, mbiri, Tirhana na Timatheriyali, kupenta anabwera kuima amphumphu. Panapita pafupifupi theka zaka kuchira zochepa zimene anali okhoza kupulumutsa. Koma chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya luso anapita mwamsanga.

M'mayiko anthu anawononga anakwanitsa kukhala national adzadziwire yake yapadera komanso kukonda chikhalidwe wakale. Munjira ina, zaka malingana Chitata anali chifukwa zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya Tirhana na Timatheriyali la Russia.

Umodzi wa mbewu ndi dziko

Pambuyo asiye goli la akalonga kwambiri Russian anabwera yovuta iwo anasankha ndiponso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wa chuma chawo mu boma limodzi. Malo kwa kubadwanso ndi ufulu ndi chikhalidwe Russian anayamba Novgorod ndi Pskov dziko. N'kumene anali ataphwa madera kum'mwera ndi chapakati cha anthu ntchito, zaka, kubweretsa nawo miyambo yakale ya chikhalidwe chawo, kulemba, zomangamanga. Chofunika kwambiri pa kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian ndi chitsitsimutso cha chikhalidwe wakhala zotsatira za ku Moscow ukulu, amene ali ambiri mapepala a Kale, mabuku, zojambulajambula.

Kumangidwa kwa mizinda ndi akachisi komanso malinga. Tver mwina mzinda woyamba mu North-East Russia, kumene miyala yomanga inayamba. Tikuyankhula zokhudza pomanga mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro mu kalembedwe Vladimir-Suzdal zomangamanga. Mu mzinda uliwonse, pamodzi ndi nyumba kumbuyo zinamangidwa mipingo ndi mchitidwe umenewu wa Mpulumutsi pa kukhetsedwa yl, Petro ndi Paulo ku wofufuta zikopa, ndi Basil pa Hill mu Pskov Epiphany mu Zapskove ndi ena ambiri. History of North-East Russia zinaonetsera n'kupitiriza nyumba izi.

Painting nakhalanso Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny ndi Andrei Rublev - wotchuka Russian amisiri mafano. Master jeweler a recreate zotsalira anataya, amisiri ambiri ntchito kubwezeretsa luso polenga zinthu dziko banja, zodzikongoletsera, zovala. Zambiri za mibadwo yafika masiku athu.