Lembali la Archimedes ndi kafukufuku wochepa wa sayansi

Greece sizongoganizira kuti chibadwidwe cha azungu, chifukwa chinali pa dziko lodalitsika, otsukidwa ndi mafunde otentha a Mediterranean, anakhala ndi kupanga asayansi okhwima. Mndandanda wa mayina a anthu omwe adaika maziko a sayansi zamakono angatenge tsamba limodzi. Tidzakhala pamodzi mwa iwo - masamu, fizikiya, injiniya. Pali zambiri zambiri zokhudza maganizo ake enieni, ndipo nthano ya Archimedes imadziwika kwa aliyense wophunzira sukulu. Tidzakudziwitsani kuti ndi munthu wotani komanso kuti mibadwo yonse ya anthu imamulipira.

Pang'ono ponena za luso

Nthano ya Archimedes mosakayikira ndi yosangalatsa. Koma poyamba tikufuna kunena pang'ono za wasayansi mwiniyo. Mbiri ya chi Greek yotchuka inabwera kwa ife polemba olemba akale monga Titus Livius, Vitruvius, Cicero, Polybius, Plutarch. Aliyense anakhala ndi moyo zaka zambiri kuposa Archimedes, choncho sitinganene kuti zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndizowona.

Wokalamba wamtsogolo anabadwira ku Syracuse, kuti ku Sicily. Mwina Archimedes anali wachibale wa wolamulira wa mzinda wa Hieron II. Chisangalalo cha sayansi iye anaphunzitsa bambo ake, Phidias, katswiri wa zakuthambo ndi katswiri wa masamu. Ndipo adaphunzira ku Alexandria, malo akuluakulu a chikhalidwe ndi sayansi pa nthawi imeneyo.

Zaka zambiri chisanachitike chiyambi cha Archimedes, katswiriyu anakumana ndi anthu otchuka, Konon ndi Eratosthenes, omwe analembera moyo wake wonse. Anakhala maola ambiri mu laibulale yotchuka kwambiri, imene inasonkhanitsidwa malemba oposa zikwi mazana asanu ndi awiri. Mwa iye Archimedes anali ndi mwayi wodziwa ntchito za Democritus ndi Eudoxus, zomwe nthawi zambiri ankatchula m'malemba ake.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti atatha kuphunzira, Archimedes anabwerera ku mudzi wake, kumene anali ndi ulemu ndipo sankafuna njira iliyonse.

Wasayansi ndi korona

Palibe nthano imodzi ya Archimedes, pali zambiri, chifukwa wasayansi tsopano anapanga chinachake, kufufuza, kulenga. Ambiri omwe amadziwika nawo ndi ochokera ku sukulu. Ichi ndi nthano za Archimedes za korona. Tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule chiyambi chake.

Pamene mfumu yankhanza Hieron inkafuna kufufuza ngati chovalacho chinamunyenga, kumupangira korona wa golidi. Analamula asayansi kudziwa ngati zokongoletsera zake zinali zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Vuto linali mukutanthauzira vesi la korona, popeza linali ndi mawonekedwe osasintha. Poganizira za ntchitoyo, Archimedes anapeza njira yothetsera vutoli: kumiza mankhwalawa mumadzi ndikuyesa kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe achokapo. Panthawi yomweyi, monga nthano imanena za Archimedes, katswiriyo adafuula kuti "Eureka!", Yomwe yomasulira imatanthauza "kupeza". Ndipo mu sayansi ya hydrostatics, kupezeka uku kunaphatikizidwa monga lamulo la Archimedes.

Kodi mungasinthe bwanji dziko lapansi?

Koma tikudziwanso nthano ina yokhudza Archimedes (chithunzi m'munsimu). Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti wolamulira wa ku Syracuse analamula kuti amange sitimayo yambirimbiri, yomwe inkaperekedwa kwa Ptolemy, mfumu ya Aiguputo. Koma sizingatheke kulowa mumadzi, ndipo apa Archimedes anabwera kudzathandiza. Anamangapo dongosolo lonse lazitsulo pozungulira ngalawayo ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya chiwindi, amatha kuthana ndi ntchitoyi mosavuta. Apa ndiye kuti wophunzirayo anabadwa: "Ndipatseni chithandizo, ndipo ndikusintha dziko lonse lapansi".

Syracuse anapulumutsidwa

Zopanga zodabwitsa za asayansi zinapulumutsa mzinda wake ku chiwonongeko. Ichi ndi nthano ina yokhudza Archimedes (mwinamwake mwaphunzira izo mufizikiki). Choncho, malinga ndi olemba mbiri ya akatswiri a sayansi, mu 212 BC. E. Asilikali achiroma anazungulira mzinda wa Syracuse. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya Punic msilikali wathu anali pafupi zaka 75. Koma malingaliro ake anali ofulumira komanso osadzifunsa.

Motero, Archimedes anapanga zithunzi za makina opanga mphamvu, zomwe zinaponyera miyala asilikali a Marcellus miyala. Kuthawa ku zipolowe zoterezi, asilikali achiroma anathamangira kumakoma a Syracuse. Koma kumeneko adadikiranso zodabwitsa - zowonjezera kuwala. Kuwonjezera apo, anthu a mumzindawu (mwinamwake osati popanda thandizo la sayansi) anamanga zikwangwani zomwe zinagwira ngalawayo, kuzikweza mmwamba, ndiyeno nkuziponya pansi ndi kuzimira. Otsutsawo anabwerera.

Buku lina likunena kuti zombo za Mzinda Wamuyaya pamene kuzunguliridwa kunkawotchedwa ndi moto, komwe kunayambira pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi kapena zosakaniza. Komabe, ngati nthano zapitazo zinayang'aniridwa ndi asayansi zamakono ndi kutsimikiziridwa, moto wochokera ku Syracuse ukadalibe nkhani yabwino kwambiri.

Mapeto a moyo

Chifukwa chake, chinyengo cha ku Syracuse chinalandidwa ndi Aroma chaka chomwecho. Archimedes, amene adapulumutsa mzindawu, anaphedwa. Pali maulendo anai a imfa ya asayansi, koma onse amawira ku mfundo yakuti asilikari anaphedwa ndi munthu wachikulire. Warlord Marcellus anakwiya kwambiri atamva za imfa ya munthu wotchuka, ndipo anam'konzera maliro abwino. Opha anthuwo anaphedwa. Masiku ano ku Syracuse mungathe kuona manda a Archimedes, omwe anamangidwa zaka mazana awiri pambuyo pa imfa yake. Koma wasayansi akupitiliza kukhala m'mitima ya anthu monga katswiri wotchuka kwambiri wakale, monga mpulumutsi wa mzika yake ndi wophunzira wodzipereka wa sayansi.