Mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba. chapamwamba nthambi chigoba ntchito

Pa zamoyo wa anthu miyendo mafupa masinthidwe kwambiri. Choncho, miyendo, kuchita, kuonetsetsa kuteteza thupi mu malo olungama ndiponso kuthandiza ntchito kayendedwe, ndipo manja ake akhala zipangizo za ntchito. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane zambiri mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba: kapangidwe ndi ntchito kuti amachita.

mwachidule

Mafupa a chapamwamba nthambi anthu m'kupita kwa phylogeny anapeza sayenda ndithu. Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa clavicle, amene amatipatsa kugwirizana mafupa a manja ndi thupi, anthu sangathe kuchita kayendedwe yaikulu kwambiri. Komanso, zinthu m'gulu la ufulu chapamwamba mafupa nthambi ndi olowa makina ndi mzake. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa dera dzanja ndi forearm. Chigoba ntchito ndi manja chapamwamba zinthu zambiri zokwanira. Manja ndinazolowera mitundu zovuta ntchito. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafupa ndi mafupa, zala akhoza kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana makalata zifukwa msonkhano uliwonse. Phazi, kumachita monga thupi kuyenda ndi thandizo thupi danga, muli fupa unyinji wochuluka wakuda. sayenda awo, poyerekezera ndi mzake ndi zazing'ono. Mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi opangidwa ndi ndondomeko ambiri. Pamafunikanso magawo awiri.

chapamwamba malekezero a mafupa a: mafupa a lamba

gawo Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Scapula. Iwo kwake mawonekedwe a triangular lathyathyathya fupa. atatu m'mphepete amaima mu tsamba. Makamaka, pali lateral, medial ndi chapamwamba mbali. Komanso pali atatu tsamba njingayo. Mmodzi - m'munsi, chachiwiri - medial, ndi wachitatu - ndi lateral, motero. Tsamba ndi pafupi ndi mbali kumbuyo kwa pachifuwa. Ndi ili mu dera pakati pa II-VII nthiti. Mu gawo alipo glenoid patsekeke. Izo ntchito kulumikiza kwa phewa ndi. Pa kumbuyo padziko tsamba auzimu protrusion. Malowa ali pamtunda laterally. protrusion Izi awn vane kulekanitsa supraspinatus ndi infraspinatus fossa.
• Phewa. Iwo anapereka mu mawonekedwe a S-zooneka mafupa tubular. Mmenemo ndi awiri mapeto - phewa (acromion) ndi breastbone, ndipo thupi. Clavicle ndi chinthu chokha imene mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba chikugwirizana ndi anthu dongosolo thupi fupa. Sternal kumapeto kwa gawo wakulitsidwa. Iye articulates ndi chogwirira cha sternum lapansi. Lathyathyathya mapeto phewa chikugwirizana ndi tsamba mapewa.

Mbali yachiwiri

Iwo mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba tichipeza dzanja, mkono ndi phewa amafotokozera. The gawo lotsiriza ukufanizidwa ndi fupa limodzi - humerus. The burashi zikuphatikizapo chala phalanx, metacarpus ndi dzanja. The mkono kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu ziwiri. Izo zimasonyeza ulna ndi utali wozungulira.

humerus

Iwo anapereka mu mawonekedwe a membala yaitali tubular. Mu kusiyanitsa fupa diaphysis (thupi) 2 ndi epiphysis (mapeto): chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi. Woyamba ndi anamaliza articular mutu. Ali kulumikiza tsamba phewa. Mapeto olemera lachotsedwa pa thupi kudzera mwa khosi anatomical. Pansipa izo zili pa akunja hillocks mbali (okwera) - yaing'ono ndi yaikulu. Amawapatula ndi poyambira chabe. A gawo mwapang'ono mu thupi limene liri pafupi ndi mutu, amatchedwa "khosi opaleshoni." Pa roughness fupa pamwamba komanso pano. Ali ngati malo kuphatikana a minofu deltoid. The epiphysis m'munsi chikukwera ndipo condyle. Ali kulumikiza olowa ndi utali wozungulira ndi ulna mafupa.

forearm

Mu gawo ili la mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba zikuphatikizapo zinthu ziwiri:

• Ulna. Uli pamodzi pamwamba lamkati kumbali ya chala chaching'ono (V chala). Mapeto chapamwamba membala ndi unyinji wochuluka. Pali awiri ndondomeko: chigongono kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo - coronal. Iwo agawidwa trochlear mphako kulumikiza ku fupa phewa. Lakunja (lateral) kumbali ya ndondomeko coronoid zizindikiro kudula zozungulira. Ndipamene limodzi ndi bwalo. Kumapeto apansi ulna mitundu mutu. Ndi kusiyanitsa ndi articular pamwamba mu mawonekedwe a bwalo kwa kugwirizana kwa ulnar mphako mu mchitidwe mtengo. Pa wamkati (medial) mbali akudutsa ndondomeko styloid.
• Zozungulira fupa. Iwo anapereka mu mawonekedwe a membala yaitali tubular. Utali wozungulira chimafikira pamodzi akunja mbali pamwamba lalikulu (choyamba) pini. kutha chapamwamba aumbike ndi cylindrical mutu mawonekedwe. Ndi pano glenoid fossa ndi bwalo. Malekezero chapamwamba mu utali wozungulira ndi ulna mafupa ali nawo mapangidwe olowa. M'munsi gawo ali ndi mphako ulnar, styloid ndondomeko ya lateral. Palinso alipo carpal articular pamwamba. The mbali m'munsi mwa utali wozungulira ndi ulna mafupa kupanga dzanja limodzi ndi mzere pamwamba pa mafupa carpal.

burashi

Mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba mderali ukufanizidwa ndi mafupa a dzanja, metacarpus ndi zala. Yoyamba woyendera nthambi tichipeza mizere iwiri ya lalifupi chofewa ngati siponji fupa (anayi). The dzanja mafupa zomveka. The mbali chapamwamba mzere woyamba chikugwirizana ndi fupa zozungulira, kudzera pamwamba articular. M'munsi gawo la m'munsi kachiwiri Ufumuyo amafotokozera metacarpal. Metacarpus umaimiridwa ndi zisanu lalifupi mafupa tubular. Akuti kuyambira pa chala choyamba. Mutu panopa lililonse fupa metacarpal, ndi thupi m'munsi. Amafotokozera woyamba linanena kuti chapamwamba mu ziwalo phalanx chala. Phalanx kuimira tubular lalifupi zinthu fupa. Iwoŵa mutu, maziko ndi thupi. Zinthu ziwiri yoyamba wolemekezeka articular pamwamba. Pamwamba pa phalanges ndi gawo lino ali pa mphambano ndi mutu wa mafupa zogwirizana pasterns, kuchokera m'munsi ndi pakati - ndi kumtunda (proximal) phalanx. The chala pali awiri mafupa yaitali, ena - atatu.

mbali M'badwo wa chitukuko: fupa lamba

zinthu zonse m'gulu mafupa a nthambi chapamwamba, kupatula clavicle, ndi connective siteji, chichereŵechereŵe, fupa.

• Lopatka. malo ake yaikulu ya ossification yaikidwa pa mwezi wachiwiri wa chitukuko yoopsa. Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi osauka msana ndi thupi gawo. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka 1 moyo coracoid anakoloweka mbali osadalira pa ossification, ndi zaka 15-18 - izo aumbike mwa acromion lapansi. Pa 15-19, ndondomeko coracoid coalesces ndi fosholo.
• Phewa. ossification ake amapezeka oyambirira zokwanira. Chigawo chino akupereka mafupa - connective - tsatane. sabata 6-7-TH. mkati mpaka m'mimba mwa ossification akuwonekera. Iwo lili pakati pa Mphukira connective. Gawo ili likakhazikitsidwa komanso clavicle acromial mapeto a thupi, amene mwa ana tiri pafupi kwathunthu kwa minofu fupa. Monga mbali ya sternum chichereŵechereŵe aumbike. ossification wa phata la zikuoneka kuti zaka 16-18 yekha, amene zinaphatikizidwa ndi fupa mu thupi la zaka 20-25.
• Phewa. The epiphysis proximal ndi mapangidwe mfundo yachiwiri ossification: a yaikuluikulu mulu kwa 1-5-TH, ndipo mutu ndiye kawirikawiri 1 chaka cha moyo. Pa zaka malita 3-7. Ndi maphatikizidwe awo, ndi zaka 13-25 - kugwirizana diaphysis. Mbali wapotalikira wa epiphysis ossification anapanga mpaka zaka 5 cha moyo, lateral epicondyle - kuti 4-6, ndi medial - kwa 4-11. Mwa 13-21, mbali zinaphatikizidwa ndi diaphysis lapansi.

midsection

• Ulna. Mu zaka 7-14, mu proximal epiphysis ossification mfundo yaikidwa. Kuyambira imayambira olecranon, amene ali pano trochlear mphako. Kwa zaka 3-14 anapanga malo a ossification mu epiphysis wapotalikira. Anatsegula, fupa minofu imagwiritsidwa ndondomeko styloid ndi mutu. Zisudzo za epiphysis proximal thupi udzachitika pa 13-20 chaka TH, wapotalikira - 15-25 m.
• Utali wozungulira. Ndi zaka 2.5-10 anaika gawo la ossification wa epiphysis proximal. Diaphysis maphatikizidwe chidzachitika zaka 13-25.

Development mbali burashi

• Dzanja. Mwana akabadwa akuyamba ossification wa chichereŵechereŵe. 1-2 K-TH chaka cha moyo mu hamate ndi capitate fupa ossification mfundo aumbike pa 3 - ndi triangular, 4 - lunate, 5 - navicular, 6-7-mamita - trapezoid, pa 8th ndi - mu pisiform.
• Pastern. mafupa Bookmark kupanga gawo ili limapezeka kale kuposa mu polumikizira. Zone ya ossification mu diaphysis ndi anagona masabata 9-10 chitukuko embryonic, kupatulapo fupa choyamba. Ndi gawo kupangidwa kwa masabata 10-11. The epiphysis ossification zone kuonekera pakati pa miyezi 10. ndi zaka 7. Ndi zaka 15-25 pali maphatikizidwe wa diaphysis ndi mutu wa fupa metacarpal.
• Phalanx. Point a matupi ossification zinthu wapotalikira kuonekera pakati pa mwezi wachiwiri wa chitukuko embryonic, proximal - pamwamba, ndi pakati - kumapeto kwa mwezi wachitatu. The phalanx gawo m'munsi kuonekera pakati pa miyezi 5. ndi zaka 7. The increment wa thupi udzachitika pa chaka 14-21.

Mafupa a nthambi kumtunda ali ndi dongosolo yovuta imene kazhdyyelement amachita mbali.