Masalmo ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira mau onse

Mawu mu mutu wa nkhani ino ali ndi matanthauzo awiri. Tsatanetsatane ya mawu akhoza kukhala awiri okha: ndizochitika za chinenero, ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira.

Kodi mawu ake ndi otani?

Choyamba, mawu ndi mawu ophatikiza a chinenero china, ntchito (pankhaniyi imayankhulanso za zojambulazo), za munthu. Pachifukwa chomaliza, nthawi zambiri zimatha kuthetsa mawu akuti "mawu".

Chachiwiri, lexicology ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira mawu. Mukhoza kuwunika kuchokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana: akuyang'anitsitsa momwe ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito chinenero china zimasinthira, ndipo ziganizo zofanana kapena zosiyana ndi ziti, ndi momwe mndandanda uliwonse umagwirira ntchito. Palinso mafunso ambiri. Amakhudza mauwo konse.

Sayansi ya Mawu

Mawuwo angaphunzitsidwe kuchokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Makhalidwe ofufuza nzeru zapamwamba amatha kutanthauzira matanthauzo ake a zilembo, chikhalidwe ndi mawu opangidwira. Masalmo ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira mawu motere: tanthauzo lake, mbiri, maubwenzi ndi zilankhulo zina .

Mawu (kapena lexic units, lexemes) m'chinenero amaimira zosangalatsa, zokondweretsa komanso dongosolo lawolo. Zina mwazo zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi zina zomwe zimatanthauza ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasinthasintha (izi ndizofanana), pamene zina zimagwirizana ndi tanthauzo (ziri zofanana ndi zofanana, zofanana). Ena amatha kukhalapo m'malemba amodzi, ena amatsutsana kwambiri kuti ntchito yawo m'malemba amodzi amawoneka osadabwitsa kapena oseketsa. Nthawi zina ndi bwino kugwiritsira ntchito chipangizo chimodzi, mwa ena ntchito zawo sizilandiridwa (izi ndizo zokhudzana ndi stylistics). Choncho, mawu monga maphunziro a sayansi osati mawu aliwonse payekha, koma dongosolo lomwelo, malamulo ake, malamulo, zikhalidwe ndi zomwe angathe.

Zigawo za mawu

Monga momwe mukuonera, mawu ndi sayansi yokhala ndi zofuna zambiri, choncho mbali iliyonse yoyang'ana mawu kapena pa dikishonale ikuwerenga gawo lake lapadera. Choyamba, pakati pawo ndi onomasiology (sayansi ya "kutchula dzina", kapena "kusankha"), semantics ndi semasiology (mkati mwa chiganizo chake, kutanthawuza, kayendedwe kake kakufufuzidwa), phraseology (amaphunzira chinenero chofanana), onomastics (amalingalira mayina omwe alipo ), Etymology (sayansi ya chiyambi cha mawu), stylistics (za izo zatchulidwa kale) ndi lexicography (likuyang'ana kufotokozera mawu, kuphatikiza madikishonale).

Zina mwa zigawozi zidzafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhaniyi.

Phraseology

Masalmo ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira osati mawu okha, komanso kuphatikiza kwake ndi mayanjano olimba. "Mgwirizano" umenewu ndi wosadziwika kwambiri moti amagwira ntchito m'mawu pafupifupi m'mawu ndi mawu. Kuphatikiza kotereku kumatchedwa phraseological magawo.

Aliyense amadziwika ndi mawu monga "nsapato ziwiri za nthunzi", "kupopera kuzungulira", "misomali ya m'nyumba siimayendetsa", ndi zina zotero. Popanda kudziwa tanthauzo la mawu ovomerezeka, nthawi zambiri sitingathe "kutanthauzira" kuchokera ku zigawo za "zigawo zikuluzikulu" zomwe zimaphatikizidwamo (popeza izi siziri kwathunthu lexicals, akatswiri a zinenero amalankhula momveka bwino za "zigawo" za phraseology). Machitidwe amenewa nthawi zambiri amachititsa kuti alendo asamvetse chifukwa chakuti tanthauzo lawo silili tanthauzo la mawu, koma, mwina nkhani yojambula, kapena chithunzithunzi. Mbiri ya kutuluka kwa mawu ofotokoza gawo ndi imodzi mwa malo otchuka kwambiri komanso osangalatsa.

Kuphatikizana kwakukulu kumeneku, komwe kulipo pamodzi ndi mankhwala, kumayandikana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake, ndipo ndi ma unit ofixical. Potero, kutanthauzira mawu, mawu ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira mawu ndi mawu ofanana.

Etymology

Mbiri yake sikuti imangotanthawuzira chabe m'mawu onse, koma komanso mu lirilonse. Masalmo ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira zonse zomwe zilipo komanso zamakedzana. Etymology imaona chiyambi cha zilankhulo za zinenero. Kwa akatswiri a mderali, ndikofunika chifukwa chake izi kapena zozizwitsa nthawi zina zimatchedwa (kutchedwa) phokosoli. Mwinamwake mawu awa adakongoletsedwa kuchokera ku chinenero china? Kuchokera ku chiyani? Mwina patapita nthawi, mankhwalawa asokonezeka kwambiri, anayamba kumveka mosiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ake oyambirira, omwe amanyamula masiku ano asiya kuwona kugwirizana kwake ndi mawu a mizu, iwo sanathe kuzindikira kuti ndizochokera muzu wodziwika bwino. Tanthawuzo la Etymological (tanthawuzo limene linali mu chizindikiro pa nthawi yooneka m'chinenero) nthawi zambiri limadabwitsa ndipo lingathe kuwunikira tanthauzo lenileni la lexical unit; Nthawi zambiri zimangokupangitsani kuganizira za mawuwo, komanso kumapanganso maganizo anu ku zodabwitsa zomwe zimatanthauza.

Mabaibulo onse a chiyambi cha mawu ayenera kukhala odziwa bwino mbiri ya chinenerocho. Mwamwayi, posachedwapa, ngakhale kuti chinenero cha chidziwitso ndi mbiri yachuma chinasungidwa, milandu ya kutanthauzira moonekera maonekedwe a zizindikiro si zachilendo. Kawirikawiri kusagwiritsidwa ntchito mosagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda ntchito kumakhala ngati chida cha akatswiri a maganizo omwe amabweretsa "maziko a sayansi" ku malingaliro awo a chikhalidwe ndi ndale.

Semantics ndi Semasiology

M'kati mwa masanjidwe a mawu - ichi ndi sayansi ya tanthawuzo la mawu. "Semes" ndizochepa zomwe zimatanthauza tanthauzo. Phindu la chizindikiro chilichonse ndi kuphatikiza kwake. Ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuyerekezera kapangidwe ka tanthauzo la mawu ofanana kuchokera m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zolemba zazinthu zochepazi sizisonyeza momveka bwino momwe mawu a ziganizo zosiyana akuyendera poyamba, koma akuwonekeratu kuti anthu angaganize bwanji.

Inde, ngakhale kuti "mwapadera", magawo onse a sayansi ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi kuphunzira, makamaka, chinthu chimodzi, chochititsa chidwi pambali zake, ndipo ndi kuphatikiza njira zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa mawu kukhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi komanso zofulumira kwambiri zolimbitsa zinenero.