"Mphepo Yamkuntho" (MRL). Russian MLRS 9K57 "mphepo yamkuntho"

Chida zida kuyambira nthawi Union, ndipo tsopano mu Russia akupitiriza yaikulu lipenga khadi, osati nkhondo, komanso zokambirana lonse.

Komabe, izi zisanachitike akubwera infrequently. Kodi m'pofunika mu zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za dongosolo asilikali a zotakasika ananyoza moto. Mmodzi wa ambiri ndi "mphepo yamkuntho". MLRS ambiri asilikali, ndi wotchipa kwambiri kubala. Popeza yokhulupirika ndi kuphweka, n'zosadabwitsa mtima masiku ano modernize akuphatikizapo cha zovuta, amene mbiri kunayamba 60s Mu zaka zapitazo onyamula!

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Akukhulupirira kuti onse chitukuko zoweta mtundu uwu ndi agogo chimodzi - MRL "Katyusha". M'lingaliro izi ndi zoona, koma tisamaiwale kuti masiku angapo launchers roketi amakhala ukasintha wosiyana zovuta lodziwika bwino.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati kalozera okonza zoweta akhala anasiya dongosolo njanji: sikudzakhala ngati njira yodutsamo wa projectile ndi analandira kwakukulukulu lachabechabe, ndi mwayi mlandu mgwirizano si mkulu.

Ndipo chifukwa ichi kholo MRL 9k57 "mphepo yamkuntho" ayenera kutengedwa ngati atakhala M-21b, chimene chakhala mu utumiki mu lakutali 1963 chaka.

Ngakhale mbali yabwino ya MLRS ichi, asilikali sanali akakwaniritsa ndi izo. N'chifukwa chake mu 1963 mu Tula analowa boma chitetezo kuti chitukuko cha adzapeza chitsanzo latsopano m'menemo panalibe deficiencies M-21b. Kwa iwo asilikali zimachitika kusinthasintha wotsika, ndiponso lethality wa projectile ake ndodo anali mtima. Mogwirizana ndi maphunziro a Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, asilikali athu kale bwinobwino kuti mdani mizati oti muli nazo zida wolakalakika "akupera" pasadakhale, ndi zofunika chake zina zimene zikugwirizana ndi chitukuko atsopano unali ndi zochita ngakhale pa mipherezero mopepuka oti muli nazo zida.

Poganizira, tiona kuti 9k57 MLRS "Uragan" uzigwirizana ndi ntchito imeneyi.

zina zachidule

Kuyambira 1963 ndi 1964, akatswiri Tula CDB ndawala kuphunzira mabuku a ntchito yawo. The vuto lalikulu, kenako anaima patsogolo pawo panali kukhazikitsidwa kwa MRL, zomwe n'zotheka kugonjetsa tikuyamba ndi Moto mphamvu ya mdani pa mtunda wa makilomita 40.

Chifukwa cha maphunziro awa, nakhala ntchito "mphepo yamkuntho" lidzakhala lilipo mchaka cha m'ma 1964. MLRS mtundu ankaganiza kugonjetsedwa kwa mdani pa mtunda wa makilomita 35. ntchito yake inali maneuverability Kumwambamwamba, amene amalola kuti msanga kubala ananyoza pa udindo chatsekedwa ndi kusiya popanda wapezeka ndi mdani.

Kumapeto kwa 1966 - mu Tula anayamba kuchita ntchito yaikulu kwambiri kufufuza oyambirira mu 1967 za tsogolo la kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo latsopano mu utumiki. Zotsatira zake zinali lingaliro kwathunthu chikhalire wa zovuta chikuphatikizapo zonse zofunika zokhudza makhalidwe a zipolopolo ndi zikhalidwe za ntchito.

Pofika mu 1970, Unduna wa Makampani ali anapempha kuti kusodza yomaliza ya latsopano MRL 9k57 "mphepo yamkuntho". Tikumbukenso kuti ndi nthawi nawo chitukuko cha akatswiri ndi asayansi si limodzi lokha la Tula. Choncho, ndi kuzungulira Moscow ku Central Hospital chipatala anachita kafukufuku mabuku a kabotolo milandu ndi machitidwe fuze. Kazan analenganso akutulutsa mlandu projectile ndi makaseti mtundu warhead.

The chifukwa cha mayesero kuyambirira

Owerenga sazidziwa bwinobwino akhoza kudabwa ndi utali anatenga makampani Soviet kwa chilengedwe cha zinachitika umodzi wokha wa mtundu uwu wa sayansi. Kumbukirani kuti nthawi chabe sanali zochitika zikuluzikulu mderali. Chifukwa cha ntchito mwakhama ndi nkhaniyi inkachitikira m'dziko lonselo mamangidwe amasinthira, izo chinapezeka dongosolo lapadera la "mphepo yamkuntho." MLRS izi akali ntchito m'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse.

Makamaka, ingakuthandizeni nkhondo ngakhale Syria. Ambiri, nthawi imene ntchito pa kafukufuku, mphatso siziri chimodzimodzi pa. Mwachitsanzo, yemweyo zotakasika dongosolo "Smerch" angapo Launch roketi anayamba kupanga ndi mu utumiki mu yayifupi zikomo yochitapo chakuti gawo mkango wa kuwerengetsera onse anali wokonzeka.

Tiyeni tibwerere ku mayeso. Mu 1972, akatswiri bwalo waperekedwa nditangomaliza dongosolo zinachitika, zomwe zadutsa mayesero onse kupanga. Makhalidwe waukulu anali motere:

• MRL okonzeka ndi projectiles unguided ndi mkulu-zachiwawa mtundu wa makaseti yomwe ikuchitika padziko 80 ndi 105 makilogalamu, motero, a zachiwawa ndi.
• BM 9P140 kwa amene adakali kugwiritsa ntchito muyezo galimotoyo ZIL-135LM (chifukwa zovuta komanso kusowa kusodza dongosolo inamva galimotoyo anakanidwa).
• Machine kwa kayendetsedwe ndi potsegula 9T452, amene aikidwa pa galimotoyo wa chomwecho ZIL-135LM.
• Zovuta tichipeza zipangizo kukonza ndi yokonza makina.

Factory dokatka anatenga zaka zingapo, chifukwa cha zomwe panopa anabwera "mphepo yamkuntho". MLRS ichi mu 1974 anali za chikhalidwe ntchito monga lero. Pomaliza, mu 1976, zovuta anali analola mu utumiki.

zaka ziwiri mundilanda kuthetsa ena zolakwika zazing'ono. Komanso, panthawi imeneyi akatswiri apanga mitundu yambiri yatsopano ndipo zingamuthandize a zipolopolo.

Kodi zigawo zina mu yomalizidwa zovuta?

• 9P140 nkhondowo galimoto yokha.
• Machine chifukwa cha phindu ndi zoyendera 9T452 zipolopolo.
• milandu zotakasika.
• Zida za ulamuliro basi moto ndi chilangizo 1V126 "Skit-B."
• Ndalama maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa ogwira mu zikhalidwe pafupi nkhondoyo.
• Machine nzeru 1T12-2M topographic mtunda.
• Zovuta malangizo kupeza ndi kafukufuku wa nyengo 1B44.
• Ikani chifukwa tikukonza ndi kukonza zida 9F381.

Ambiri a machitidwe onse ali lingafanane, kotero kuti ngakhale kuwononga iwo kapena wathunthu disabling a moto mdani si chopinga kwa nkhondowo ntchito. Komanso, mbali yaikulu ya ntchito ya angathe kuchitidwa pamanja.

Powerplant

Machine zoyenda kutsogolera awiri V woboola pakati injini Zil-375YA, aliyense wa iwo ndi 180 L. a. Magudumu m'mbali akamagula injini ake, ndi kufala palokha ndipo drivetrain. Mu olamulira choyamba ndi wachinayi mawilo kulamulidwa ndi wokwera.

makina yatenganso osati chapakati dongosolo tayala-kuthamanga polojekiti, pali kuthekera paging zodziwikiratu pa amapita. Matulukidwe ndi makhalidwe liwiro ali wabwino kwambiri. Pa wina kudzaza mukhoza kupitiriza kwa pafupifupi 600 Km, kupereka liwiro pamwamba 65 km / h. Machine madzi mosavuta zopinga kwa 1.2 mamita kuya popanda kuphunzitsidwa zina.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza mawerengedwe ndi Mumakonda

Mu yamtendere la ogwira ntchito mawerengedwe a anthu anayi: mkulu galimoto, gunner ndi awiri omenyana, amene ali ndi udindo chiongoko ndi kukonza Buku. Pankhondo, gulu kuchuluka kwa anthu asanu, popeza kuti anthu ambiri ntchito ali ndi kuchitidwa pamanja.

Monga tanenera kale, haulage ndi potsegula zipolopolo anapangidwa ndi wapadera makina 9T452, chamangidwa pa galimotoyo chomwecho. Aliyense makina ndi amanyamula osati 16 mizinga, komanso amakhala ndi zipangizo popanda zipangizo zina. ndondomeko ndi kwathunthu makina, pamafunika Pasanathe mphindi 14. Ntchito TZM Kireni amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukweza katundu kuti makilogalamu 300.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, pa ntchito zomwezo ndi angapo Launch roketi dongosolo "Grad".

Zida nawuza makina

Zipangizo zikuphatikizapo nawuza kwambiri makina chimango zoyendera nkhondo, rammer, Crane ndi trolleys hoist. khoti osiyana, kulanda anthu projectiles ikuchitika ndi osiyana "chiombankhanga" kwa woyendetsa lapansi. Onse ntchito dosylka zipolopolo, kutembenuzira mpopi ndi ganyu dongosolo anapangidwa basi, koma mukhoza pamanja kugwira ngati n'koyenera.

Rammer yekha - chiongoko wapadera ndi limagwirira pusher, omwe mphepo wozungulira ku malo oyenera. Ndi njira yosavuta komanso zothandiza kwa mayikidwe a woyendetsa kuchotseredwa kufunika pamanja angagwirizanitse Chiongoko ndi rammer. zimango zonse ntchito pa abulusa magetsi ndi magudumu amene ali yoyenda yokha kwathunthu, choncho ntchito yawo safuna kuti tithamange galimoto zikuluzikulu za makina.

zipolopolo ntchito

Tikumbukenso kuti nthawi zambiri akatswiri a anachotsa osati kupanga ya galimotoyo, ndi chilengedwe cha mitundu yatsopano ya zipolopolo. Tikumbukenso kuti luso ntchito wawo anali kuberekana kwambiri. Choncho, mpaka 90% deta -established anali bwinobwino ntchito mu "Smerch" machitidwe chitukuko.

Chifukwa cha zatsopano ambiri amene analengedwa eyiti kapena naini magulu akuluakulu a zipolopolo. Panopa, ena a iwo ntchito ngati iwo m'malo mwa zitsanzo atsopano. Ambiri a iwo wachinsinsi.

Ambiri anali 9M27F projectile okonzeka ndi ochiritsira mkulu-zachiwawa kugawikana warhead. Ndi chilengedwe, anafuna kuti chiwonongeko cha anthu mdani ndi magalimoto oti muli nazo zida. Unyinji wa zachiwawa ndi ndi 49 okha makilogalamu pamene projectile okwana kulemera kwa makilogalamu 180.

Pafupifupi pafupipafupi chomwecho zotakasika dongosolo "mphepo yamkuntho" mtundu amagwiritsa milandu 9M27K okonzeka submunitions kuti "modzaza" ndi zinthu ofunika kwambiri. Iwo zimathandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi oyenda mdani ndi makina kuwala.

Projectile wokha umalemera pafupifupi 271 makilogalamu, munali 30 zofunikira. Aliyense wa iwo - mbali 350 anakantha ndi zachiwawa. Ngakhale pa mtunda wa mamita 100 kuchokera kuphulika kwa projectile umagawanika mosavuta napyoza 2mm homogeneous khalidwe zitsulo.

zofanana kwambiri ndi izi ulamulire 9M27K1 chitsanzo komanso amagwiritsa ntchito makaseti gawo ndi kuchuluka kwa submunitions. Kusiyana komwe kulipo ndi zinthu kulekanitsa (komanso za 30 zidutswa) pamene kumenya pansi zina kudumphira tenfold kuwonjezeka chotupa m'deralo. Makamaka, womwewo okonzeka ndi angapo Launch roketi dongosolo "mphepo yamkuntho" Aka "mphepo yamkuntho."

Yapadera zovuta ndi kunyadira kwambiri opanga ndi chipolopolo 9M27K2 anaikira unsembe akumidzi minefields odana thanki. Lidalembedwa muyezo migodi odana thanki PTM-1. Mu projectile mabomba m'modzi 24. Iwo anapangidwa kuti unsembe kosavuta zopinga pamene pomenyana akasinja mdani. Amadziwika Mph ndi kuti pambuyo maola 3.4, iwo kuonongeka wokha, zomwe zimathandiza kuti tiyeni kuukira mwini thanki gawo.

Pafupifupi kwa cholinga chomwecho anayamba kupanga 9M27K3. kusiyana ndi kuti amagwiritsa ntchito m'migodi PFM-1s tinapangidwa kuwononga mdani anthu oti. Mu projectile wina uli pa 312 Landmines. Ananyoza makina wina chimakwirira mahekitala 60. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti izi ndi chida choopsa kwambiri. "Mphepo Yamkuntho" ndi kuthekera unsembe kutali zonse za minefields patsogolo mdani movutikira kwambiri za ndemanga kwambiri Afghanistan.

Makamaka kugwetsa mdani zokhalamo zinthu kumbuyo analenga 9M51 chida. Mutu gawo yatenganso zachiwawa madzi, anafuna kuti kuphulika thermobaric. The sangathe chitsanzo ichi kuti pazipita yowotcha osiyanasiyana si upambana 13 Km.

Chipolopolo 9M27C - incendiary. Mwapadera kwa zoopsa si anthu oti mdani, komanso wofunika zakuthupi (magalimoto hangars, malo ndi zipangizo).

Monga mmene taonera, angapo machitidwe Launch roketi (kwa review mmodzi wa iwo anapereka m'nkhani) angagwiritsidwe ntchito osati kuphimba oyenda molimba kapena luso pa ulendo, komanso pofuna kuthana ndi zobisika kwambiri ndi yaitali zolinga.

Malingaliro amakono ndi wamakono kachitidwe

Monga ife mobwerezabwereza taonera, iwoweni zovuta nthawi zonse chifukwa akweza, ndi chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya zipolopolo. Lero, angapo Launch roketi dongosolo "mphepo yamkuntho" akuyimila zida ngakhale gulu lankhondo la Yemen, osanenapo onse CIS kale. Utumiki wa silikhali pachaka Mapangano ntchito yobweretsa ndi kusamalira kachitidwe padziko lonse, kotero kuti kusowa kutchuka si kunena chimodzimodzi palibe.

Pa nthawi ina, Ukrainians zowawa MRL pa za galimotoyo wa KrAZ-6322.

nkhondowo ntchito

Ndi mliri wa nkhondo Afghanistan ndi ankaona zabwino basi MRL watsimikizira zinthu nkhondo. Komanso wagwiritsa ntchito usilikali Siriya kumbuyo mu 1980s pamene mikangano zambirimbiri Israel. dongosolo mobwerezabwereza ntchito ndi magulu athu zida ndi militias oletsedwa mfuti Chechnya.

Pamene iwo amati okha usilikali, nthawi yotsiriza angapo Launch roketi dongosolo la mtundu uwu ntchito bwino pa zochitika wotchuka kwambiri ku Georgia mu 2008.

ziyembekezo ndi chiyani?

Akatswiri ambiri akunena kuti MLRS "mphepo yamkuntho" tsopano penapake chakale. Chifukwa n'chakuti zoterozo kunena, kuti uthunthu pazipita kugonjetsedwa mdani ndi ochepa - 35 okha Km. Yemweyo "Smerch" kale amapereka makilomita 80-90.

Koma apa m'pofunika kuti fundo yofunika kwambiri. Popeza kuti cholinga cha kachitidwe akadali osiyana. Osati kukhala projectiles osokonezeka likungosonyeza 200 mm, ndi anzawo a mu mamilimita 300. Otsiriza (kuti "Chimphepo") si yaikulu, komanso kwambiri ankawonjezereka. kutalika ndi mita kapena kuposa a "mphepo yamkuntho." Choncho, nthawi overcharging ndi kuphana analamula amafuna zovuta zayamba kwambiri.

Koma "zamkuntho" ndi wabwino kwambiri njira kuti miyambo zida zankhondo losatha. Ngakhale kudziletsa injini howitzers (monga "MSTA-S") kuwombera mkati 13-30 Km, ndi zotsatira za zipolopolo awo ali ofooka kwambiri. MRL imaperekanso ndi waufupi kwambiri nthawi kupangika moona woopsa.

batire chimodzi (magalimoto zisanu), likhoza kuwononga angapo oti muli nazo zida pakamwa kapena "mbewu" ya mazana maekala wa antitank kapena wotsutsa-ogwira migodi.

Palinso kukokomeza kunena kuti ntchito yokonza ndi Mabaibulo losatha MLRS zodula kuchokera mfundo chuma view, ndi maphunziro a ntchito zimatenga nthawi zambiri.

Popeza akweza, kachitidwe zotakasika wa salvo moto "mphepo yamkuntho" osati kupeza kutsata latsopano ndi dongosolo malangizo pa chandamale, komanso angathandize kucheza ndi UAV lapansi. Panopa Russian asilikali onyamula zida zambiri ndi zambiri opanda magalimoto mlengalenga, kotero kuti kuti zimenezi si zosafunika.

Mwachidule, kachitidwe akadali wambiri mwayi.