Municipal olimba zinyalala - ndi zinthu kapena mankhwala ataya ogula katundu. zinyalala banja

Municipal olimba zinyalala - ndi katundu ndi zinthu (kuphatikizapo makombo) kuti ataya katundu awo oyambirira ndi kukaponyedwa kunja ndi mwini awo. Pamodzi ndi zinyalala olimba mafakitale, iwo nkhondo yotere chachikulu chilengedwe ndipo akhoza zobwezerezedwanso.

zinyalala banja Kuwonjezera kuchepetsa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso gwero la ndalama zina kugwirizana ndi chopereka chake ndi kutaya. Mizinda kukula, ndalama kukwera. Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto zinyalala olimba dziko apanga umisiri osiyana processing awo. Yankho kwambiri zosawononga chilengedwe otetezedwa ndi zipangizo zambiri zamakono ndi kulekana zinyansi olimba ndi ntchito zawo pambuyo mfundo yachiwiri yaiwisi.

Vuto la zinyalala olimba

Kudzikundikira zinyalala olimba - vuto loopsa. Kuipitsidwa kwa dziko ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyalala imafalira kulikonse. A kuchuluka yaikulu ndi atabalalika padziko lapansi mu mawonekedwe a zotsala kapena masango (landfills). Kuwononga ndi kugwera mu madzi a m'nyanja.

A chiwerengero kwambiri zinyalala olimba - amapezeka mafuta ndi gasi mankhwala. Ali kugonjetsedwa polymeric mankhwala ndi yaitali theka moyo. Kwambiri zachilengedwe zoipa zomwe ndi polyvinyl mankhwala enaake (PVC), amene anagwirizana ndi okhutira mkulu wa chlorine mu kapangidwe kake. Zinyalala, poyerekeza ndi ma polima ndi mmene zochepa za kuwopsa kwa chilengedwe.

kuopsa Environmental kugwirizana ndi MSW

Mmene zinyalala cholimba biosphere osiyanasiyana, mwaunyinji ndi pafupifupi milandu onse negative. Mungasankhe MSW zimakhudza chilengedwe motere:

• Clogging zinyalala pamwamba banja lapansi. mapepala apulasitiki ndi zina zonyansa m'nyumba zomwe chinthu cholepheretsa kukula kwa zomera zimathandiza kuti kuchepa mu zokolola kwachilengedwenso, liwiro mapangidwe nthaka. Ili mu amatunga m'nyanja, ndi nyanja banja zinyalala zingakhudze njira ya evaporation padziko madzi.
• Kuipitsidwa MSW kuwola mankhwala. Izi ndi za chilengedwe ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri kugwirizana ndi zinyalala m'nyumba. Oipa ma polima kusintha mankhwala poizoni umene poizoni nthaka ndi nthaka madzi. Palibe mankhwala zochepa zoipa ndi kuyaka awo. landfills ambiri amakhala kusuta, mpweya, makamaka m'madera amene kuli anthu. The owopsa ndi enieni MSW kuyaka mankhwala ndi dioxin, amene anamasulidwa pa kuyaka kwa PVC. Iwo ankaona poizoni wa sayansi chodziwika cha mankhwala ambiri. Mwamwayi, ndalama ejection wa dioxin pamene anatentha si kwambiri moti zingakhale poizoni Komabe, zopereka zake za kuipitsa akukhudzidwira ndi yofunika kwambiri.

Kuwonjezera mankhwala kuwonongeka ndi osiyanasiyana ma polima kuyaka mankhwala banja, zitsulo, asibesitosi slate, chimasanduka ndi zinthu zina zambiri zimathandiza kuti kuipitsa wonse. zotsatira zake zingakhale zoopsa:

• Kuwonongedwa kwa nyama ndi nsomba. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mbalame ndi nsomba kumeza zinthu pulasitiki yaing'ono, nthawi zina zimabweretsa imfa yawo chifukwa cha kudzikundikira zinyalala mu dongosolo m'mimba. Pachiopsezo ndi nyama kudya landfills, monga Mwina mkulu wa poizoni.
• Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu mwaukhondo. Zinyalala milu kawirikawiri ndi kuswana pansi toyambitsa akhoza kunditumiza ku malo ena kumene rodent okhalamo.
• Kumwalira kwa pamtima zokongoletsa za m'deralo. Kupeza mwa zinyalala banja si aliyense amene mungafune. Unsightly maonekedwe, ndi fungo, ngozi kugwira matenda, kuipitsidwa wa madzi mu akasupe - zonse zimene kwambiri kusokoneza kupuma pa chikhalidwe.
• The yaikulu nyengo. mafilimu pulasitiki ndi galasi kuchedwa akubwera kuchokera cheza matenthedwe a dziko lapansi, kuchititsa kuwonjezeka m mmene kutentha ndi padzikoli kutentha. accumulations Large wa zinyalala ndi mwachilungamo amphamvu gwero la methane, amene anamasulidwa ku mlengalenga, kumaonjezera zotsatira kutentha.
• dziko achire. Landfills ndi chifukwa kuchepetsa malo wopanda kuti akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga, kulenga mabwalo kapena m'mapaki. Mfundo imeneyi ndi zogwirizana kwambiri, makamaka pafupi ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe.

Gulu la zinyalala olimba

A dongosolo logwirizana chifukwa kugawikana mu makalasi zinyalala olimba kulibe. Poyamba MSW kuimira umodzi okwana kulemera. Komabe, oyang'anira tauni zinyalala olimba - ndi osiyana kwambiri mankhwala zikuchokera ndi thupi katundu wa zigawo zikuluzikulu. Zotchuka kwambiri pakati MSW ndi: zitsulo, pulasitiki, galasi, nkhuni, pepala ndi makatoni. M'mayiko ambiri zinyalala gulu ndi maziko a chopereka osiyana ndi yobwezeretsanso. Komabe anaponyedwa misa ndiyeno kusungidwa pa Mu Russia, iwo landfills.

Yobwezeretsanso zinyalala oyang'anira tauni

Kutaya zinyalala olimba zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri tsopano njira kutaya zinyalala oyang'anira tauni olimba - ndi:

• mawotchi processing njira.
• Kutaya ndi zinyansi olimba landfills (landfills).
• Moto.
• Zovuta processing.
• Ntchito umisiri.

Kuchotsa kwa polygons zinyalala olimba ndi chikhalidwe kwambiri zachilengedwe zoipa njira "kutaya" kuchokera MSW. Mu dziko lathu zikadali ali ndi udindo kutsogolera.

Pofuna kuchepetsa voliyumu, omwe amachita ndi zinyalala mu landfills, nthawi zambiri moto, zikubweretsa kufala kwa zinthu zoopsa m'madera lalikulu kuwonongeka kwa khalidwe mpweya. Allocated pa kuyaka lotayako mankhwala ndi fungo kutchulidwa kwambiri ndipo zovulaza thanzi. Makulidwe landfills m'dziko lathu nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka.

chithandizo zinyalala

Pa nthawi, pali njira zingapo nazo. The njira yaikulu zothandiza pokonza oyang'anira tauni zinyalala olimba - ndi:

• Mawotchi yobwezeretsanso - ndi ya ntchito njira zamakono akupera, kukanikiza, briquetting. Zonsezi kumabweretsa compaction ndi kuchepetsa voliyumu zinyalala maulendo 10, zimveke mayendedwe ndi kusunga. Komabe, njira izi zokha zimatithandiza vuto nazo koma sikungathetse kwathunthu.

• Integrated kasamalidwe zinyalala ikukhudza chilengedwe cha zinyalala kusanja ndi chithandizo zinyalala zomera. Mu sitepe yoyamba zinyalala ndi analigawa malingana ndi mtundu zakuthupi (galasi, pulasitiki, zitsulo ndi zina zotero. D.), Ndipo anatuma kwa processing kwa mbewu kake. Njira imeneyi nazo akhoza kutaya kwambiri zinyalala olimba ndi kupeza zipangizo sekondale yaiwisi.
• njira Tizilombo kulola processing kuchotsa ambiri zinyalala kupezeka kwa kuwonongeka kwa gawo organic tizilombo, amene n'kukhala vermicompost otchedwa. Chifukwa chaichi, mavuto chikhalidwe wofiira California mphutsi.

briquetting

Briquetting ndi expediently ikuchitika pambuyo m'zigawo zigawo zikuluzikulu wapatali kwambiri. Kukhalabe zinyalala umakaniko ting'onoting'ono basi pabwino. The briquettes anapanga ndi yabwino yosungirako, zoyendera ndiponso kutaya.

composting

Composting - njira zamoyo processing imene kutaya zinyalala olimba ikuchitika mwa chilengedwe otchedwa kompositi milu. Malinga ndi mlingo wa chitukuko cha sayansi moyo maphunziro kompositi ndi milungu 2-10 kwa zaka 1-3.

Ntchito zoipa monga zipangizo sekondale yaiwisi

Kwambiri kupulumuka zinthu anachira, zotsatira mu mkhalidwe wabwino ndi reused. mchitidwe limakhudzira ena mizinda ya ku Russia. Galasi, chitsulo, zotayidwa ndi zitsulo zina zikhoza anasungunuka reused. Achiwiri angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mbali yaikulu ya pepala zinyalala.

Yobwezeretsanso za pulasitiki kuchokera zinyalala banja si amachitika Russia, monga amaona mmphepete. Komanso, mu dziko lathu pali madipoziti lalikulu la mafuta ndi gasi, yomwe apamwamba kwambiri yaiwisi zipangizo.

Moto zinyalala olimba

MSW moto akhoza kutaya ndalama zambiri zinyalala, koma alinso zovuta kwambiri. Pamene watentha mpweya kugwa mapulasitiki zinthu zoipa, ambiri mwa ndi poizoni dioxin.

Pachifukwa ichi, mu maiko otukuka tsopano kusuntha kuchoka njira ya kutaya zinyalala. Chinanso wa kuipitsidwa pamene moto MSW pakati - ndi mpweya mwaye ndi phulusa mapangidwe M'mimbamo si kuwotchedwa zidutswa kumene kungakhale wachitatu wa buku koyamba zinyalala. Onse ali apamwamba ngozi kalasi kuposa zinyalala olimba choyambirira choncho amafuna zinthu kuyeza zambiri yosungirako n'kutaya.

Kuti moto anabweretsa mochuluka monga akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ku mayiko a azungu ena pofuna ntchito monga gwero yopangira magetsi ndi kutentha. Izi kumachepetsa kufunika gasi. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi bwino Co incinerator ku Vienna. Pali njira zamakono masiku ano ntchito, imene ndondomeko kuyaka amakhala otetezeka kwambiri.

Collection zinyalala banja latsopano la Russia

Mu Russia kuchotsa zinyalala olimba kuchokera m'mizinda ndi Lamulo Nkhani 13 lamulo pa "Kupanga ndi mowa Zinyalala". Standard zitsulo muli (bini) ntchito yosonkhanitsa zinyalala banja. Mwambo umenewu ntchito kuchokera m'nthawi ya Soviet Union.

Kawirikawiri, zinyalala ndi oyenerera mu malo pakati pa nyumba ya nyumba. Panopa akapereka gulu la chopereka osiyana zinyalala, malingana malinga ndi Article 13 cha lamuloli. Kulekana analengedwa mu magulu otsatirawa: pulasitiki ma CD, zovala, pepala, galasi, chitsulo, organic masamba zinyalala. Komabe, pa nthawiyi kumayambiriro misa zinyalala banja makhalidwe kusanja ndi sanalandire.

Kuchotsa zinyalala olimba

Zoyendera zinyalala olimba pogwiritsa ntchito makina wapadera - zinyalala. Amasiyana ndi mbali zotsatirazi:

• Ntchito: makina ntchito m'madera zogona ndi zoyendera lakonzedwa kuti ntchito ndi zinyalala lalikulu (zinyalala bulky);
• ndi buku la thupi;
• malinga ndi njira potsegula;
• kutayipa makina chisindikizo zinyalala;
• chikhalidwe cha kumaliseche zinyalala olimba.

cholinga katundu kuchotsa maofesi a olimba zinyalala. M'mizinda ikuluikulu, zinyalala nazo imavuta ndi mtunda lalikulu, amene ayenera nthawi zonse kugonjetsa makina.

Collection ndi kusunga zosakhalitsa zinyalala

Mu dziko lathu, pa mndandanda wa zinyalala olimba ndi siteji kwambiri mtengo wa magwiritsidwe awo. Wautali, amene ayenera kupambana zinyalala galimoto mu mzinda waukulu, ndi kuchuluka yaikulu zinyalala kwaiye mphamvu kukhwimitsa chifukwa mapulani zomveka a dongosolo deta. Pachifukwa chomwechi, m'pofunika kuukitsa tariff kwa kuchotsa zoipa kwa mabungwe alamulo. A ambiri zinyalala zina chifukwa cha machitidwe a ogulitsira malonda, kutanthauza kuchotsa zinyalala zambiri nthawi zambiri sikokwanira.

Mmodzi mungachite ndi kupereka okwerera wapakatikati yosungirako MSW kuchokera zinyalala bulky akhoza kusamutsidwa kwa malo magwiritsidwe ntchito zoyendera zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo sitima.

Njira zosanjira zinyalala banja

Pamene zinyalala kusanja ali olekanitsidwa kulemera okwana tuzigawo twa ena kuti akhoza anatumiza yobwezeretsanso. Kuti tichite zimenezi, njira zotsatirazi ntchito:

• Maginito kulekana. Bukuli lili pa ntchito ya maginito amphamvu kuti akope potengera kasakaniza wazitsulo akakhala zitsulo. kuchira chiŵerengero ndi 90% ya kulemera okwana zitsulo mu zinyalala.
• Electrodynamic kulekana. Izo ntchito kuchotsa zotayidwa, mkuwa ndi mkuwa. mlingo kuchira kuposa 80%.
• Kulekana kuuluka bwino potsatira njira ntchito kuchotsa polima ndi kulemera okwana zinyalala pepala. Njira imeneyi imakhala polenga wamphamvu mpweya otaya, umene ndi opepuka kachigawo wosiyana lolemera.
• Ballistic kulekana ndi amasintha mwadzidzidzi liwiro ndi malangizo a kayendedwe ka malo zinyalala, amene amalola kupatukana zigawo zotanuka ku viscous kwambiri. Njira imeneyi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa galasi ndi mitundu ina ya zinyalala.

Ngakhale kusintha mosalekeza njira nazo, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zikuchulukirachulukira ndi 3% chaka chilichonse.