Njala dera Volga 1921-1922, mu 1932-1933: zifukwa. mabuku a mbiri yakale

Njala dera Volga - chimodzi cha zochitika kwambiri oopsa kuposa kale dziko kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Pamene mukuwerenga za izo, ndi kukhulupirira kuti zinali kwenikweni. Zikuoneka kuti zithunzi anatengedwa pa nthawi - ndi kanema ku Hollywood zinyalala-mantha. Uwoneka pano ndi okudya nyama, ndi za m'tsogolo zigawenga Nazi ndi achifwamba a mipingo, ndi lalikulu wofufuza kumalo ozizira. Tsoka, ichi si nthano, koma zochitika zenizeni zimene zinachitika pasanathe zaka zapitazo pa mtsinje wa Volga.

Njala dera Volga zinali zovuta kwambiri mu zaka 1921-22 ndi 1932-33. Komabe, zifukwa anali osiyana. Mbali yoyamba, zikuluzikulu za iwo ndi nyengo anomalies, ndipo chachiwiri - zochita boma. Mwatsatanetsatane zinthu izi ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. Mudzaphunzila mmene wankhanza njala m'dera Volga. Photos m'nkhani ino - pa umboni wa mavutowa.

Pa nthawi Soviet, anali amalemekezedwa kwambiri "uthenga m'minda." Mu mafelemu a mapulogalamu uthenga ndi n'kupanga nyuzipepala kupeza malo matani ambiri a njere. Ngakhale tsopano mutha kuona zithunzi pa TV dera TV wodzipereka kwa nkhaniyi. Komabe, kasupe ndi yozizira kwa anthu ambiri a mzinda - basi samveka mawu ulimi. Tillers ku kanema njira angadandaule za chilala, mvula olemera ndi zodabwitsa zina zachilengedwe. Komabe, ife zambiri kukhala osamva mavuto awo. Kapezekedwe ka mkate ndi zina tsopano tinganene wamuyaya wopatsidwa, kuti Mufunsidwe. Ndipo masoka ulimi zina kukweza mtengo wake ndi kokha angapo rubles. Koma pasanathe zaka zapitazo, anthu a dera Volga anali pakati pa ngozi anthu. Ngakhale mkate ofunika ake kulemera golidi. Today n'kovuta kuona mmene aakulu njala dera Volga.

Zimayambitsa njala 1921-22.

Wosauka zokolola mu 1920 chinali chinthu choyamba tsoka. Mu Volga anasonkhana pafupifupi 20 zokha poods tirigu. Yerekezerani kuchuluka mu 1913 anafika mapaundi miliyoni 146,4. chilala zidzachuluka wabweretsa m'chaka cha 1921. Kale mu May, mbewu yozizira anaphedwa kuchigawo Samara, anayamba ziume masika. Maonekedwe a dzombe limene kudya zatsalira mbewu, komanso kusowa kwa mvula waphetsa pafupifupi 100% ya mbewu ndi July oyambirira. Chifukwa cha njala dera Volga. 1921 wakhala zovuta kwa anthu ambiri m'madera ambiri a dziko. M'chigawo Samara, monga njala pafupifupi 85% ya anthu.

Mu chaka chatha chifukwa cha 'zochuluka' anali linalandidwa kuchokera kwa anthu wamba, pafupifupi amapereka zonse chakudya. Mu zibakera kulanda zinapangidwa ndi waudindo, kuti "perekani" maziko. wokhala lina ndalama izo pa tariffs anapereka boma. "Waudindo" ankapita ndi ndondomeko imeneyi. Chakudya chiyembekezo cha kusuta kapena kugulitsa amakakamizidwa alimi ambiri sanasangalale. Ndipo iwo anayamba kutenga njira "mitsuko". "Kutaya" mu nkhokwe zonse ndi zochuluka mbewu - atha speculators, anali osokonezeka mu chakudya nyama, anadya okha, zinachitika Brew ofotokoza kapena kungoti kubisa. "Prodrazvyorstka" poyamba kufalitsa mkate ndi tirigu forage. zaka 1919-20 adaonjezeredwa ku iwo nyama ndi mbatata, ndipo pofika cha m'ma 1920 - pafupifupi onse ulimi. Alimi pambuyo zotsala mu 1920 mu kugwa anakakamizika kudya mbewu chimanga. Kwambiri madera lonse chidafundidwa ndi zigawo njala. Volga izi (kuchokera Udmurtia kwa Nyanja ya Caspian), kum'mwera kwa masiku ano Ukraine, gawo la Kazakhstan, Yuzhnyy Ural.

zimene boma

Tili anali vutolo. Boma USSR anali nkhokwe chakudya palibe kusiya njala dera Volga mu 1921. Iwo anafunika kupempha thandizo ku maiko capitalist anagwirizana July chaka chino. Komabe, bourgeoisie chiyani chisakhale kuthandiza Soviet Union. Only pa chiyambi ya nyundo anadza thandizo akuwonjezerekabe choyamba. Koma anali zonyozeka. Kumapeto kwa 1921 - chiyambi cha 1922 kuchuluka kwa thandizo akuwonjezerekabe ali kawiri. Mu kupambana wamkulu uyu wa Fridtjof Nansen, wasayansi wotchuka ndi wofufuza kumalo ozizira amene anakonza kampeni yogwira.

Thandizeni America ndi Europe

Ngakhale andale Western zosiyanasiyana zimene zinthu kulikankhira Soviet Union kuwombola thandizo anthu, zipembedzo ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana ku America komanso ku Ulaya anafika mpaka malonda. kwambiri anali thandizo polimbana ndi njala. Zocitika za American Relief Administration (ARA) wafika lonse makamaka lalikulu. Iwo ankapita ndi Gerbert Guver, Mlembi US ya Zamalonda (poyamba ndi odzipereka odana chikominisi). Akuti pa February 9, 1922 chopereka kwa United States mu polimbana ndi njala ndi zokwana madola 42 miliyoni. Yerekezerani boma Soviet wakhala okwana 12 miliyoni 5 dollars.

Activities akuyendera 1921-22.

Komabe, Bolsheviks sanali kulalikira. Watsimikiza Komiti chapakati Executive mu June 1921, unapangidwa bungwe Komiti Pomgol Central. ntchito anapatsidwa mphamvu zapadera m'munda wa yogawa ndi chakudya. Ndipo pansi analenga mabungwe amenewa. Lina chinkhoswe mu yogwira kugula mikate. mwapadera anapatsidwa kuthandiza alimi pa kufesa yozizira 1921 ndi kasupe 1922. Pafupifupi mamiliyoni 55 matani mbewu anagulidwa kwa cholinga ichi.

Boma Soviet ntchito njala kupulumutsa nkhonya onongani kwa mpingo. January 2, 1922 ku Central Committee Executive Bureau anaganiza liquidate chuma mpingo. Pamene ichi analengeza cholinga chabwino - ndalama kugulitsa katundu wa mpingo, ayenera kupita kwa kugula mankhwala, chakudya ndi zinthu zina zofunikira. Pa 1922, chuma anagwidwa ndi mpingo, umene pafupifupi rubles golide miliyoni 4.5. Iyo inali yaikulu. Komabe, cholinga ananena ananditumiza% 20-30 kokha la ndalama. Mbali yaikulu wakhala "anakhala" pa izo, kuti azinyadira moto kusintha dziko. Ngakhale Ena trite kubedwa kwa akuluakulu pansi mu ndondomeko yosungirako, mayendedwe ndi osaphatikizidwamo.

Horror njala ya 1921-22.

Za 5 miliyoni anthu anamwalira chifukwa cha njala ndi zotsatira zake. kanayi kuchuluka imfa m'dera Samara, kufika 13%. Ana ambiri amavutika ndi njala. Panali kawirikawiri pa milandu nthawi kumene makolo mwadala anamuchotsa pakamwa owonjezera kudyetsa. Kuti achite ngakhale kudya pa njala dera Volga. Ana kupulumuka anali wamasiye kudzadza asilikali a ana osowa pokhala. Ku midzi ya Samara, Saratov, makamaka Simbirsk anthu anaukira mabungwe m'deralo. Iwo anafunsa issuance a chakudya. Anthu anali kudya ng'ombe zonse, ndiyeno apita kwa amphaka ndi agalu, ndipo ngakhale anthu. Akusowa miyeso zinachititsa kuti anthu njala m'dera Volga. Kudya anali mmodzi wa iwo basi. Anthu anagulitsa malo ake onse chidutswa cha mkate.

Mitengo pa njala

Ngakhale nyumba ankagulitsidwa chidebe cha sauerkraut. anthu Urban akhagulisa chuma kwa pafupi kanthu mwina anali. Komabe, m'midzi zinthu zinavuta yovuta. Mitengo ya mankhwala anasangalala kwambiri. Njala dera Volga (1921-1922 gg.) Kwachititsa nkhambakamwa kuti anachuluka. Mu February 1922, pa Simbirsk msika n'kumamujompha mwendo ndi mkate adagula 1,200 rubles. Ndipo ndi March, iye anapempha miliyoni. Mtengo wa mbatata anafika 800 zikwi. Opaka. chifukwa pud. Ndi zasungidwa pachaka ndi ogwira ntchito wamba anali za chikwi rubles.

Kudya pa njala dera Volga

Mu 1922, ndi kuwonjezeka pafupipafupi anayamba kufika ku likulu lipoti kudya. Zithunzizi kwa January 20, anatchula choncho mu Simbirsk ndi Samara zigawo wake, komanso Bashkiria. Iye anati kulikonse kumene kunali njala ku dera Volga. Kudya mu 1921 anayamba apeze patsogolo latsopano yotsatira mu 1922. "Pravda" nyuzipepala pa January 27 analemba kuti m'madera njala ndi kudya chosaneneka. M'maboma wa Samara m'chigawo anthu anabwera njala ndi misala ndi kusimidwa, mitembo anthu anali kudya ndi kuzidya ana awo akufa. Ndicho chimene anabweretsa njala ku dera Volga.

Kudya mu 1921 ndipo mu 1922 kunachitidwa umboni ndi zikalata. Mwachitsanzo, lipoti Volost Committee Executive membala kuchokera April 13, 1922 pa kafukufuku wa Lyubimovka m'mudzi ili mu dera Samara, izo inafotokoza kuti "molapitsa kudya" amatenga Ljubimovke misa mitundu. The mbaula pa munthu anapeza chidutswa cha thupi yophika anthu, ndipo mu holo - mphika wa nyama. Mafupa ambiri anapezeka pafupi ndi khonde. Pamene mkazi anafunsidwa za komwe anatenga thupi, iye anavomereza kuti mwana wake 8 wazaka anali atamwalira ndipo iye anali kudula zidutswa. Ndiye iye anaphedwa ndi mwana wake wamkazi wa zaka 15 zakubadwa, pamene iye anagona. Odya anzawo nthawi ya njala m'dera Volga mu 1921 anavomereza kuti analibe ngakhale kumbukirani kukoma kwa thupi la umunthu, pamene ankadya mu wakomoka.

Nyuzipepala "Moyo Wathu" inanena kuti m'midzi Simbirsk mitembo atagona makwalala, kuti palibe wina aisadza. Miyoyo ya anthu ambiri ankanena njala Volga 1921 kudya anali ambiri njira yokhayo yotulukira. Kwambiri kotero, anthu anayamba kuba nkhokwe mzake wa thupi la umunthu, ndipo ena townships chakudya anakumba akufa. Kudya pa njala dera Volga ya 1921-22. palibe yemwe ati kudabwa.

Zotsatira za njala ya 1921-22.

M'chaka cha chaka 1922, deta GPU, anali miliyoni njala 3.5 miliyoni 2 Samara m'chigawo - mu Saratov, 1,2 - mu Simbirsk, 651,7 zikwi - mu Tsaritsin, 329,7 zikwi - Penza, 2.1 miliyoni - mu Tatrespublike, 800 zikwi - mu Republic Chuvash, 330 zikwi - mu boma German. Mu Simbirsk njala anagwidwa yekha ndi mapeto a 1923. Province kwa m'dzinja kufesa walandira thandizo la chakudya ndi mbewu, ngakhale mu 1924 mkate surrogate anakhalabe chakudya yaikulu ya anthu wamba. Malinga ndi kalembera ankachititsa mu 1926, anthu a m'chigawo anachepetsedwa pafupifupi 300 zikwi. Anthu mu 1921 ku Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi ndipo njala anapha 170 zikwi., 80 TH. Anasamutsidwa ndi kuzungulira 50 chikwi. Anathamanga. M'dera Volga, malinga ndi ziwerengero ndiwofatsa, anapha anthu 5 miliyoni.

Njala dera Volga mu 1932-1933.

Mu 1932-33. Hunger anali mobwerezabwereza. Tikumbukenso kuti mbiri ya pakuwonekera kwake mu nyengo akadali okutidwa ndi mdima ndi asokonezeka. Ngakhale zedi magazini ofotokoza za izo kutsutsana ulipobe. Amadziwika kuti 1932-33. m'dera Volga, ndi Kuban ndi Ukraine sanali chilala. Nanga ndi mavutowo? Ndithudi, Russia kuti ali kale n'zogwirizana ndi njala kulephera mkate mbewu ndi chilala. Weather mu 1931-32. Izo sizinali zabwino kwambiri ulimi. Komabe, unyinji wa tirigu mbewu kulephera chifukwa iye sakanakhoza. Choncho, njala ili si chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe. Icho chinali chifukwa cha Stalin anathamangitsa ulimi Policy ndi zimene anthu wamba pa izo.

Njala dera Volga: Zoyambitsa

Chifukwa mwamsanga tinganene kuti odana ndi m'mphawi malamulo a zogula tirigu ndi collectivization. Iwo anali ikuchitika kuthetsa mavuto a kulimbitsa mphamvu ya Stalin kukhonda mafakitale la Soviet Union. Ukraine, komanso tirigu kukula waukulu madera a Soviet Union, madera collectivization wathunthu, njala anakantha (1933). Volga relive tsoka.

Popeza mosamala zinthu, n'zotheka kuona chilengedwe cha limagwirira limodzi mu vuto m'madera njala. Kwina kulikonse amakakamizidwa collectivization, dispossession, anakakamizika procurements tirigu ndi zogula anthu a ulimi, ndi yimitsira wa m'mphawi kukana. Za inextricable kugwirizana pakati njala ndi collectivization akhoza ankangoona chakuti gulu anaimitsa khola chitukuko cha kumudzi mu 1930, zomwe zinachitika 1924-25 ndi njala. njala kale kwadziwika mu 1930 pamene collectivization zinachitikadi. M'madera ena a North Caucasus, Ukraine, Siberia, Middle ndi wotsika Volga, chifukwa kampeni ya pa kugula mbewu mu 1929 mavuto alionse chakudya. Mtopola umenewu wakhala chothandizira ndi kayendedwe ka gulu-munda.

Mu 1931, zingatanthauze, zinali kudyetsedwa kwa alimi, monga m'madera tirigu kukula wa USSR chifukwa nyengo yabwino limodzi mbiri yokolola. Malinga ndi kafukufuku boma ndi miliyoni 835,4 cwt, ngakhale kwenikweni - zosaposa miliyoni 772 Komabe, sizinayende. Zima-kasupe 1931 kunali nyengo yachisanu ikupita tsoka m'tsogolo.

Njala dera Volga mu 1932 zotsatira zake zinali zomveka za ndondomekoyi Stalin. makalata ambiri alimi a North Caucasus, dera Volga ndi zina Zigawo za mavuto a kubwera kwa mkonzi wa nyuzi pepala lalikulu.. M'makalata amenewa, zimayambitsa chachikulu cha mavuto otchedwa ndondomeko ya collectivization ndi tirigu procurements. Pankhaniyi, udindo kawirikawiri anatumizidwa Stalin panokha. Stalin minda gulu, monga zinachitikira zaka 2 collectivization, makamaka analibe kanthu kochita ndi zinthu za Amaya. Akuluakulu amawaona makamaka ngati gwero la tirigu malonda ndi zina zaulimi. Pankhaniyi, zofuna za alimi anali n'komwe.

Posonkhezeredwa Center makonsolo anafukula kunja buledi zilipo kuchokera ku minda munthu ndi minda. Ndi "njira conveyor a" kuchapa komanso potsimikizira-mapulani ndi njira zina wakhazikitsidwa ulamuliro zolimba pa zokolola. Anthu ndi amphawi amakhumudwa mwankhanza anazunzidwa: kutulutsa dekulakize, kuimbidwa mlandu. Ndinu mlandu uwu kasamalidwe pamwamba ndi Stalin panokha. Choncho, icho kuvutitsidwa pamwamba pa mudzi.

Kusamuka kwa anthu wamba m'mizinda

The zikuluzikulu kusamuka ku midzi ya anthu wamba, ana ndi wathanzi kwambiri anthu ake, komanso kwambiri wofooka mu 1932, mphamvu lokhalamo m'mudzi. Anthu anali kuchoka mudzi poyamba chifukwa cha kuopa kuopseza dispossession, kenako pofunafuna moyo wabwino anayamba kuchoka minda ya. Zima 1931-32 gg. chifukwa zinthu aakulu chakudya anayamba kuthawira ku mbali yaikulu yogwira alimi munthu ndi alimi mumzinda ndi pa zasungidwa. Izi nkhawa makamaka ntchito zaka amuna.

Zokolola Unyinji wa minda ya

Ambiri mwa alimi anafuna kutuluka iwo ndi kubwerera kwa eni yekha. Theka loyamba la 1932 anali nsonga ya misa kuchoka. Panthawi imeneyi anatsika ndi 1370,8 zikwi mu RSFSR chiwerengero cha minda collectivized.

Kusokoneza kubzala ndi kukolola zothandiza kuti mu 1932

Ndi chiyambi cha masika kufesa kampeni mu 1932 m'mudzi anasakazidwa ziweto ndi zovuta chakudya. Choncho, ntchito imeneyi sanathe unachitikira pa nthawi ndi molondola, pa zifukwa cholinga. Komanso mu 1932, analephera kuchotsa osachepera theka la zokolola. Large mbewu kuchepa mu Soviet Union pakutha pa zokolola ndi kampeni tirigu zogula chaka chino analowa mphamvu pa zinthu zonse zotengera malingaliridwe ndi cholinga. Dama kale tatchulazi zotsatira za collectivization. Zotengera malingaliridwe zitsulo, choyamba, wamba anakaniza collectivization ndi tirigu zogula, ndipo kachiwiri, wochitidwa ndi Stalin m'mudzi ndi mfundo tirigu zogula wa kupondereza.

zowopsya za njala

The dengu la mkate waukulu wa USSR anakumbatira njala, amene Pambuyo zoopsa zake zonse. Bwerezani ya 1921-22:. Odya anzawo pa njala dera Volga, imfa zambiri mitengo kwambiri chakudya. Zoopsa chithunzi cha kumva m'mudzimo kuchuluka jambulani zikalata ambiri. Madera tirigu mosabvuta za collectivization wathunthu n'kumaona epicenters njala. Mkhalidwe wa anthu anali pafupi mofanana kwambiri. Adzaweruza iwo akhoza kukhala malinga ndi lipoti la OGPU, mboni, anatseka makalata ndi Center kwa makonsolo, malipoti mabungwe andale a MTS.

Kwenikweni, anapezeka kuti m'dera Volga mu 1933, pafupifupi mwathunthu ochepa midzi izi mu dera la dera wotsika Volga: m'mudzi akale m'mudzi Grivko Ivlevka, kulima iwo. Sverdlov. milandu mtembo-kudya akhala amadziŵika, komanso manda a akuvutika ndi njala ku zitsime okwana ku midzi ya Penza, Saratov, Volgograd ndi Samara zigawo. Chotero unkachitika, ngati ziri zodziwika bwino, ndipo mu Ukraine, Kuban ndi Don.

zimene boma

Mu choncho, zochita za Stalin boma kuthetsa mavuto yophika pansi pa mfundo kuti anthu amene ali m'dera la njala, ndi kupereka kwambiri mbewu ndi chakudya ngongole, pamene ndi Stalin lakuti ovomerezeka. Mapira zogulitsa kunja kwa dziko mu chisankho Politburo mu April 1933, kunali kutsazikana. Komanso, mitsuko mwadzidzidzi Atengedwa kulimbikitsa minda gulu mawu a MTS m'madipatimenti gulu ndi malonda ntchito ndale. yambewu dongosolo mapulani zogula mu 1933 kusintha tsiku mfundo atathana anakhazikitsa pamwamba.

Today anasonyeza kuti utsogoleri Stalinist mu 1932-33. Iwo glosses pa njala. Iwo anapitiriza repatriate mkate ndi kunyalanyaza zoyesayesa za anthu padziko lonse kuthandiza anthu ambiri a USSR. Kubvomereza njala zingatanthauze kuzindikira za kugwa kwa wamakono chitsanzo dziko osankhidwa ndi Stalin. Ndipo anali kukokomeza pa nkhani yolimbikitsa ya ulamuliro ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa kuwatsutsa. Komabe, ngakhale mkati osankhidwa boma mfundo Stalin mpata kuchepetsa kukula kwa tsokalo. Malinga D. Penner, izo zikanakhoza hypothetically ntchito normalization ubale ndi United States ndi kugula zotsala chakudya pa mitengo wotchipa. kusuntha ankatha kuona ngati chizindikiro chokomera United States ndi Soviet Union. Mchitidwe wa kuzindikira akanakhoza "kuphimba" andale ndi maganizo mtengo wa Soviet Union, ngati anavomera kuthandiza America. Kuyambira stepi ino Komanso, izo zikanakhala zabwino ndi alimi American.

Kukumbukira mwa anthu

Msonkhano wa Mayiko a ku Ulaya, April 29, 2010 anatengera kusamvana pa chikumbutso cha anthu a dziko amene anafa mu 1932-33. chifukwa cha njala. Chikalatachi anati kuti zimenezi analengedwa ndi "dala" ndi "mwankhanza" zochita ndi ndondomeko za ulamuliro wa nthawi.

Mu 2009, "Chikumbutso za anthu amene Holodomor ku Ukraine" chinamasulidwa mu Kiev. Mu owonetsera zakale izi, m'chikumbumtima Hall, kupereka buku la chikumbutso cha akuvutika 19 mabuku. Iwo mayina 880.000 mayina a anthu amene anamwalira chifukwa cha njala. Ndipo ndi okhawo amene imfa lero zalembedwa. N. A. Nazarbaev, pulezidenti wa Kazakhstan, May 31, 2012 mu Astana anatsegula chikumbutso wodzipereka kwa akuvutika chifukwa cha Holodomor.