Roosevelt Watsopano Kuchita ndi malo ake mu mbiri

kusintha Franklin Delano Roosevelt a, komanso anabereka awo Great Depression, kosatha mbiri ya zachuma. Kodi kotero wotchuka "New Kuchita" ndipo ngati iye akanakhoza kwenikweni kupambana mavuto azachuma?

prehistory

Mu 1920s, palibe kalikonse popanda zizindikiro za vuto. M'malo mwake, mu United States pambuyo First World nkhondo wayamba kuchira chuma. Voliyumu ya ulimi kuchuluka, ndi kukula kuzindikira ndi chidaliro nawo America - malo komwe kulibe mavuto. Koma zenizeni ankaoneka chinyengo.

Pamodzi ndi mayendedwe a mafakitale ndi kuchuluka kufunika kwa magawo a makampani. Stock msika nkhambakamwa wakhala minibasi America. Aliyense ankafuna kuti ndalama pa katundu kuwombola zina kobiri, osati mantha kutenga kuti ngongole kubanki. Chifukwa, phindu la magawo zambiri kuchotsedwa kanjedza leni. Pakutha 20s anabwera mavuto mu chuma. Kuti kusalaza za zotsatira, ndi Kukhuta anatembenukira pa makina osindikizira ndi kuchuluka chiwerengero cha ngongole. Koma zambiri za ndalama sanapite ku makampani, ndi katundu kuwombola. Izi zinathandiza kuti chakuti malonda akhalire chasanduka mu chiwembu piramidi, amene chabe anakomoka, kuzikwirira pansi mabwinja ake chuma lonse. Mu October 1929, New York Stock Kusinthanitsa anakomoka: gawo mtengo unagwa, ndipo anayamba malonda lalikulu. Ndiyeno - unyolo Chisoni: pamodzi ndi zopalira la magawo ndipo zinatha mabizinesi awo. Zikwi za anthu, m'kamphindi anakhala pa ulova.

mavutowo achuluke kwambiri mu chuma: makampani, mabanki, ulimi. Kuyambira 1929 mpaka 1933. chiwerengero cha ulova chawonjezeka kuchoka pa 3 ndi 25%, mwachitsanzo wina ku America anayi anali lova. Pacimake mavuto anagunda m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zambiri kungoti zinatha.

Nzosadabwitsa kuti pambuyo pa chisankho chotsatira anayamba kulamulira si Republican ndi Democratic Party. 4 pa March 1933. phungu wake Franklin Delano Roosevelt anatenga udindo wa pulezidenti. Mosiyana ndi anzake amene analipo m'mbuyomo, iye anali kani leftist ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti boma ayenera kuthandizapo mwachangu njira zachuma ndi kuthandiza nzika kupirira mavuto, osati kudikira mpaka chuma "kubwera kulakwa kwake." zikhulupiriro izi zikugwirizananso ndi kusintha wake linkadziwika Watsopano Kuchita.

makampani

Mu zaka za m'ma 1933 lamulo zapita, malinga ndi zimene mabizinezi anayambitsa otchedwa "zizindikiro mpikisano chilungamo". Mapale anali amalonda okha, ndi ovomerezedwa ndi mutsogoleli wadziko. Zimasonyeza voliyumu ya ulimi, mtengo izo, dongosolo la kugawa, komanso zikhalidwe za ntchito za antchito (malipiro osachepera kutalika pazipita sabata ntchito). Popeza Watsopano Kuchita sanapereke kuthekera kwa amalonda chachikulu mtengo chongopeka otsika kapena kuchepetsa linanena bungwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo kulemekezedwa ndi zofuna za antchito. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zizindikiro za kuchuluka udindo wa mabungwe malonda, amene anazindikira monga oimira yovomerezeka antchito.

Patangotha zaka ziwiri kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo makampani onse anali pansi ziyang'aniridwe boma. Mwapadera analenga makampani Kusangalala Administration National anapambana ufulu ngakhale kutseka malonda.

ntchito

Inde Roosevelt a si kusintha makampani. Pulezidenti anafuna kuchepetsa mlingo ulova, amene anafika ndi kukula chidwi. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, tiyenera anakonza ntchito yaikulu anthu, malipiro amene Ndalama zinatumizidwa allocated kwa bajeti. Chimodzi mwa ntchito yaikulu wa nthawi imeneyo anali kumanga zomera hydropower pa Tennessee Mtsinje. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa ntchito unyamata - m'misasa anakhazikitsako ana America zosalembedwa mu akhakwanisa ntchito kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pa $ 30 pa mwezi. Kumene, zimenezi sizipangitsa kuthetsa ulova, koma ngakhale pang'ono kuchepetsa izo.

ulimi

Kugwa mitengo ulimi zinachititsa kuti bwinja ikuluikulu ya alimi, umphawi ndi njala, inali zochepa unali America kuposa m'midzi Soviet collectivized. Choncho, New Pezani amapereka miyezo kutsitsimutsa ulimi. Kulinso anaukhazikitsira matupi onse zonse dera lino la chuma. Poyamba, mitsuko kupulumutsidwa ulimi anali m'malo mwankhanza - mankhwala anaigula yomweyo anawonongedwa. Chepetsani chuma kuchepetsa acreage ndipo analipira umafunika izo. zonsezi anapindula alimi makamaka lalikulu. eni Small anapereka boma chithandizo kwa yosamutsa dziko bwino, kugula minda. Komanso anakhudza chitukuko cha cooperatives. ngongole alimi vuto ndi kuthetsedwa motere: feduro dziko mabanki anawapatsa ngongole chifukwa zomwe alimi kuti abwezere ngongole ngongole kwa mabanki payekha.

mabanki

kukonzanso chuma, nawakhudza iwo. Chinthu choyamba boma imachitika kuunikanso ikuluikulu ya gombe, kumasulira imawonongeka pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. malamulo atsopano mu msika anatengedwa. Kuyambira tsopano, magombe sangagwire ndi sheya. Komanso, malamulo a ngongole kuwombola anali bwino anakhazikitsa. Koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti Watsopano Kuchita anayambitsa kubanki, gawo inshuwalansi anali. Aliyense banki kuti deduct gawo la ndalama zawo mu thumba inshuwalansi apadera, ndipo bankirapuse kupereka ndalama kwa depositors. Lamulo limeneli wathandiza kuletsa "kuthawira depositors 'wamasiyeyo ndi chidaliro mwa gombe, amene nthawi zonse wobbles pa mavutowo.

zotsatira

Choncho, zimene anapereka "New Kuchita" wa chuma American? Mwatsoka, kukonza anatengera alephera kuletsa mavuto latsopano limene itayamba mu 1937, koma iwo anali kuteteza kuphulika zosangalatsa zomwe kuchitika mosavuta mu zaka 30: pakuti zinthu zonse yapangidwa America ano. kusintha Roosevelt adakhala ndi timapangira tanthauzo: kuti asonyeza kuti boma ndipo ayenera kusamalira nzika. Iwo maziko a boma lamulo la chuma, yomwe ikuchitika m'mayiko onse amakono capitalist. Udakhazikitsa dongosolo la miyeso walola kusalaza woonera ya mavuto azachuma.