Kuti amapangidwa kuchokera malasha ndi mafuta, ndi momwe ntchito?

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zimene amapangidwa kuchokera malasha ndi mafuta, kuti tingakhale ndi maganizo kuti kwambiri. mchere awiri ntchito ngati yaikulu ya chimasanduka. onse kuti tikambirane.

mafuta

Mafuta ndi mafuta, malasha, yodziwika ndi woderapo mtundu ndi mkulu osalimba. Pakati pake penipeni, ichi ndi osakaniza zovuta zinthu, makamaka, ndi madzi chimasanduka. Pa zikuchokera mafuta ndi naphthenic, paraffinic ndi zonunkhira. Komabe nthawi zambiri mukhoza kupeza mankhwala a mtundu losanganikirana. Kupatula chimasanduka mu mafuta zikuchokera lili zosafunika mankhwala organic sulfure ndi mpweya komanso madzi ndi kusungunuka magnesium ndi kashiamu salt.

Osati lilibe ndipo zili zolimba mu mawonekedwe a dongo ndi mchenga. Ngati tiyenda pachimene mafuta ndi wabwino kuposa malasha, pali kunena za ubwino zipangizo zopangira kutulutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utsi galimoto apamwamba. Pambuyo pa kuyeretsa madzi ndi ena osafunika zosafunika processing anachita mtundu wa gwero. Izi zimachitika makamaka ndi distillation. Bukuli lili kusiyana lili chimasanduka akulowamo mu kapangidwe kake otentha.

Kodi distillation

Popeza mafuta ali mazana mankhwala osiyanasiyana, ena mwa iwo ndi pafupi mokwanila kuwira mfundo, kulekana kwa chimasanduka munthu kuli kovuta. Choncho, kulekana kwa mafuta ikuchitika ndi distillation mu tuzigawo twa amene wiritsani pa lonse kutentha osiyanasiyana. Pa wamba mafuta kutentha ndi distillation ndi anapatukana mu tuzigawo twa zinayi: a dizilo (180-350 ° ^C), palafini (120-315 ° ^C) mafuta (30-180 ° ^C) ndi mafuta mafuta ngati zotsalira pambuyo mankhwala. Ngati mupitiliza kulankhula zimene amapangidwa kuchokera malasha ndi mafuta, ndi Dziwani kuti aliyense zigawo izi mu zambiri distillation mokwanira akhoza kugawidwa mu kachigawo ngakhale ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, gawo la mafuta zilipo mafuta efa, ligroin ndi, makamaka, petulo. The zakuthupi lili zikuchokera pentane ake ndi hexane, limene limakhala zosungunulira kwambiri kwa resins ndi mafuta.

zigawo

The mafuta zikuchokera ndi unbranched zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka ku deans kuti pentane, cycloalkanes ndi benzene. Pambuyo processing abwino izo ntchito magalimoto ndi aeronautical mkati injini kuyaka monga mafuta. Naphtha M'gululi muli palafini ndi chimasanduka ntchito ngati mafuta kuunikira ndi Kutentha Zipangizo zoyendera magetsi ntchito zapakhomo. Lalikulu zedi, palafini ntchito ngati nkhuni maroketi ndi ndege ndege.

Ngati zina kumvetsetsa kuti kuwapeza malasha ndi mafuta, ndiko kunena za kachigawo fakitale dizilo, zomwe kawirikawiri akutumikira monga mafuta injini dizilo. The mafuta mafuta zikuchokera limapangidwa chimasanduka mkulu-kuwira. Ndi distillation pansi yafupika mavuto mafuta mafuta ndi ambiri analandira lubricating mafuta zolinga zosiyanasiyana. The zotsalira, pambuyo pake mafuta processing mafuta zambiri amatchedwa sludge. Kuchokera pamenepa, analandira chinthu monga phula. mankhwala amenewa anapangidwa kuti ntchito yomanga msewu. mafuta mafuta kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta kukatentha.

njira zina processing

Kuti timvetse bwino kuposa mafuta a malasha, m'pofunika kupeza zimene mankhwala ena ali pansi. Mafuta kukonzedwa ndi akulimbana, mwachitsanzo matenthedwe othandizira kutembenuka kwa ziwalo. Akulimbana ndi imodzi mwa mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Matenthedwe. Mu nkhani iyi, akuwaza wa chimasanduka ikuchitika mchikakamizo cha kutentha okwera.
• Othandizira. Iwo imachitika pa kutentha Komabe, chothandizira zambiri anawonjezera kukhala kotheka kulamulira ndondomeko ndi kulisunga malangizo iliyonse.

Ngati tiyenda pachimene mafuta ndi wabwino kuposa malasha, ayenera kuti anapanga pa akulimbana za chimasanduka unsaturated, amene kupeza ntchito lonse mu kaphatikizidwe mafakitale zinthu organic.

khala

Processing wa nkhaniyi yaiwisi amapangidwa m'njira zitatu: hydrogenation, carbonization ndi kuyaka chosakwanira. Iliyonse payokha ntchito njira yapadera.

Coking kumafuna kupeza zipangizo zopangira mu mauvuni coke pa kutentha 1000-1200 ^{° C} popanda mwayi wa oxygen. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kusinthika zovuta mankhwala kuti zotsatira adzakhala mapangidwe coke ndi mankhwala oyaka. The woyamba utakhazikika pansi boma chitumidwa kwa mabizinezi a zitsulo. Mankhwala oyaka ali utakhazikika, kenako analandira amoniya madzi ndi malasha phula. Pali zambiri zinthu sanali Zachepetsedwa. Ngati ife kulankhula za chifukwa mafuta ndi wabwino kuposa malasha, tisaiwale kuti ku zakuthupi yaiwisi analandira mankhwala zambiri yotsirizidwa. Aliyense wa mankhwala imatsogoleredwa ndi kupanga ena.

Pa nthawi, zinandipangitsa ngakhale kupanga mafuta kuchokera malasha, yomwe imapereka mafuta ofunika kwambiri.