Likulu la Poland. The womwe kale unali likulu la Poland

Warsaw - likulu la Poland. Ndi yaikulu m'dera ndi Chiwerengero cha mzindawo mu dziko. Pambuyo moto wa Wawel Castle Korol Sigizmund ndi Chachitatu analamula kusamukira nyumba yake ndi mu Warsaw. Izi zinachitika mu 1596. likulu Poland ndi analidi umasamutsidwa ku mzinda mwasankha. Komabe, anamvetsa udindo malamulo pokhapokha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Constitution mu 1791.

deta etymological

akatswiri a zinenero zambiri ndi mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti mzinda kukhala chiyambi chake odzikundikira adjectives «Warszowa» (kapena «Warszewa»), anapanga kuchokera dzina kale wamba Warcislaw.

dzinali linali kusandulika kwa Warszewa mu Warszawa m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. zodabwitsazi amagwirizana ndi peculiarities wa mazovian (izo akufalitsa pa dera limene likulu la makono a Poland). Choncho, za mawu "a" wadutsa mu "E" mu malo pambuyo zilembo zofewa (a kuphatikiza "sz" anali zofewa pa nthawi). M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, osakaniza ndi sekondale "E" anali mwa chilankhulo, kotero anthu amene ali zolembalemba katchulidwe, m'malo iwo ndi mitundu ya "a". Pankhaniyi, likulu la Poland ndi Warsaw zinadziwika chifukwa cha m'malo a mtundu etymological pa Hypercorrection.

Pali anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Baibulo Warszawa anaonekera chifukwa cha inalowa wa msodzi Nkhondo dzina ndi mermaid Sawa. Chithunzi okonda, monga Baibulo zosavomerezeka, nakhala gwero la mapangidwe dzina likulu.

Nthano ambiri za maziko a Warsaw limatiuza za kalonga (Ambuye) wotchedwa Casimir. Kuzolowera anataya pamene kusaka, anapeza kanyumba wosauka Msodzi pa gombe la Vistula. Kumeneko iye anawona mtsikana amene anali chabe atabereka ana awiri - Varsha ndi Sava. Casimir anavomera kukhala godfather mapasa ndi bwino kumuthokoza makamu kwa alendo awo. Anapereka ndalama kwa iwo zinali zokwanira kumanga nyumba pafupi wina. asodzi ena anayamba kumanga tinyumba ta awo m'dziko lino. Kotero izo zinali chiyambi cha likulu la bomali.

zizindikiro Official

Likulu la Poland ali chizindikiro chake. Izi mermaid zatchulidwazi Sawa. chithunzi Tingaone ngakhale mu mikono ya mzinda. Chipilala mu ulemu wa cholengedwa lanthano waikidwa pa Market Square.

Chovala manja ndi mu mawonekedwe a gulu French. mtundu - wofiira. M'malire chapamwamba ndi riboni ndi Mwambi, mu lirime - Silver Cross wa Order yoyamikira usilikali.

Capital mbendera ndi gulu ongokhala awiri n'kupanga wofanana m'lifupi wofiira ndi wachikasu.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Malinga ndi ofukula opezeka zikalata wakale, m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi pa dera la mzinda wamakono lili ndi m'madera ochepa, munthu wofunika kwambiri pa iwo anali Kamion, Brodno ndi Jazdow. Komabe, nyumba yoyamba matabwa anawonekera kuno kokha m'zaka akhumi ndi mwala - Mu chinayi wa.

nthawi yatsopano

Kodi likulu la Poland linali likulu la Mazowiecki Duchy? Warsaw. Kenako, iye ankaona nyumba yake ya mafumu Polish ndi akalonga Chilituyaniya. Kuyambira 1791 mpaka 1795 mzindawo unali likulu la Commonwealth, kuyambira 1807 mpaka 1813 - Duchy wa Warsaw, kuyambira 1815 mpaka 1915 - ufumu Polish.

Mu ulamuliro wa zaka 1939-1944 wakhala akumenya mwamphamvu dziko la Poland. Capital - Warsaw - anawonongedwa ndi zoponya mabomba German. City anamasulidwa 17/01/1945, pa bwino Vistula-Oder ntchito.

Kumapeto kwa 2 World likulu la Poland wakhala mwachangu achire. Komabe, okha Royal Route, Chakale ndi Chatsopano M'matawuni akhala ankamangidwanso mu maonekedwe ake mbiri.

Major European mizinda ya chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa - m'ma makumi awiri anali yodziwika ndi nyumba wandiweyani. Iwo sanali kusunga kuti patsogolo ukhondo wa nyumba mogwirizana ndi maganizo pulogalamu mode prokommunistov ndi maganizo a chimakono.

Ambiri a mumzindawo anali kusandulika kopambana. Warsaw zasintha osati mu m'tawuni komanso mawu a kamangidwe kake.

nyengo

Warsaw ndi zolimbitsa chokhala nyengo yotenthayi imakhala chinyezi ndi kotentha. Frosts pansipa madigiri khumi ndi kutentha pamwamba makumi atatu - m'chipani. Nyundo ndi zambiri ofunda ndi achezera, masika kawirikawiri amabwera pang'onopang'ono. mvula pachaka 530 millimeters pafupifupi.

utsogoleri magawano

Kuyambira mu 2002, likulu la Poland - ndi County kuti tichipeza kulankhula limodzi. inawo, nayenso lagawidwa m'zigawo khumi (Dzielnica).

A pang'ono Mkulu wa Police

Mpaka 1833, Warsaw anali mmodzi wa m'madipatimenti apolisi a kasamalidwe oyang'anira tauni likulu, umayendetsedwa ndi pulezidenti wa dzikolo. Makumi awiri wa June (wachiwiri July malinga ndi kalendala yakale) chaka linaperekedwa lamulo la Polish Council wa ufumu. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, ndi Police Executive anapatulidwa boma komanso ankadutsa ulamuliro wa wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko la likulu, chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa mwalamulo chikudziwika ngati Chief Warsaw wa Police.

anthu

Pa zamoyo ndi kuchuluka varshavtsev yaitali atengera chakuti mzinda anali wa nsanamira staging pa mphambano ya njira zamalonda ndi kusamuka Trans-European. Izi kukhudzanso chiwerengero ndi mitundu zikuchokera anthu a m'deralo. Asanakhale likulu la Warsaw monga makampani msonkhano ndi anthu makamaka inkakhala amalonda. Malinga ndi 1897 kalembera 34% ya anthu amenewa anali Ayuda (219,000 a 638,000). Kusanganikirana mitundu, malingaliro ndi kayendedwe anatsogolera chakuti panali dzina mwamwayi mumzindamo. Poland wakhala unkadziŵika kuti "Chachiwiri Paris" - Warsaw.

zomangamanga City

Modern Warsaw posakaniza osiyana masitaelo ambiri mapulani. Ichi ndi chifukwa mbiri kovuta kwa dziko ndi mzindawo. kusintha chawo kuchira ndondomeko pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Pakatikati mbiri likulu - Royal Palace - kubwezeretsedwa kutali. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti malowa ali m'gulu UNESCO World Heritage Site. Iwo chimatengedwa ngati nkhani yosonyeza bwinobwino ndondomeko kukhazikitsanso anawononga chipilala mbiri.

M'nthawi ya Republic ya Polish Anthu mumzinda pali nyumba zambiri mu kalembedwe ufumu wa Stalin. Ena nyumba yaikulu abwezeretsedwa atagwa Poland. Masiku ano, zomangamanga mzindawo ochuluka wodzilemekeza ndi malo ano malonda ndiponso nyumba zosanja zitalizitali.

boti dongosolo

Metropolitan mabasi ndi magalimoto maukonde wafika mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko. Yopangidwa ambiri maulendo basi. Transport mosamalitsa kutsatira dongosolo. Nthawi mabasi ndi pansi otsika kwa mayiko alendo olumala.

mzinda umagwira nthambi imodzi yapansi panthaka, zambiri mizere sitima. Matikiti kuyenda lingathe kukopedwa pa kiosks m'malo kapena kwa dalaivala, ndipo iwo onse mosalekeza, inang'ambika chifukwa mtundu wa galimoto si anachita. Mu likulu, njinga yobwereka maukonde chimakula.

The womwe kale unali likulu la Poland

Poyamba, mudzi waukulu mu dziko ankaona kuti Kraków. Ndipo ngakhale zonse dzina nduna - Capital achifumu mzinda wa Kraków - akutikumbutsa za izi. Mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, panali korona olamulira onse Polish.

Poganizira zimene zinachitika

Kraków ndi zinamangidwa mu dera kumene p. Wisla amakhala yodutsira. Chifukwa malo ake Hrs m'mudzimo wonga malo ake ndipo ndinakulira wolemera. Boleslav Hrabry maziko a mpando Episcopal mu 1000. Kuwerengetsera thandizo la akalonga Silesia ndipo ankaona kufunika kwake, mu 1311 Kraków Germany anakonza kupandukira Vladislava Lokotka. kupanduka mwamsanga mosavuta mwa opandukawo yomweyo anataya mwayi onse ndi ubwino.

Tanthauzo la Kraków anayamba kukula m'nthawi ya chinayi. Mu 1319 wolamulira apano - Vladislav Choyamba chigongono - anasamukira ku nyumba yake (poyamba anali mu Gniezno). Mu ulamuliro wa Kazimira Velikogo mumzindawo anamanga nthambi yatsopano, apanga m'madera monga malonda ndi ntchito zamanja. Mu February 1386 mu womwe kale unali likulu la Poland Jagiello anabatizidwa. Palinso umatengedwa ukwati wake ndi Jadwiga.

Pamene akuluakulu a boma Jagiellonians, Kraków potsiriza analimbitsa malo a mzinda waukulu wa ufumu. chiwerengero cha anthu chawonjezeka mpaka zikwi zana.

Kodi likulu la Poland anali m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi? Mu 1596 udindo aulemu anasamuka ku Kraków kuti Warsaw. Ubwino wa mudzi kamodzi olemera ndi pang'ono ndi pang'ono eroding kuukira adani. Mu 1787 anthu Kraków anali anthu osachepera zikwi khumi.

mzaka zana makumi awiri

Mpaka 1918, Kraków anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Austria ndi Hungary. , 1939-1945. Zimakhala zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri m'mbiri ya womwe kale unali likulu. Aroma omwe ankalamulira dzikolo Nazi bungwe mu Kraków ghetto, kumene anagwidwa Ayuda ambiri amene ankakhala makamaka m'chigawo Kazimierz. Oimira dziko lino mwankhanza awonongedwe ku ndende ya Auschwitz ndi Plaszow.

Ndi asilikali a Choyamba Chiyukireniya Front, mu January 1945 mumzinda anamasulidwa ku Aisiraeli. Khumi wa August chaka chomwecho adagulung'undisa mu Kraków pogrom. Pa ndale cha 1968 izo zadutsa odana ndi Ayuda kampeni. Popeza zimenezi, Ayuda ambiri, anthu opulumuka Nazi kumanzere Poland.

likulu la chikhalidwe chawo

ndi likulu la Poland tsopano chiyani? Mudzi waukulu wa dziko - Warsaw. Komabe, zaka zingapo zapitazo, mutu aulemu a Kraków. N'chifukwa chake mzinda uwu akadali wotchedwa mtima chikhalidwe Polish. likulu lake mbiri awonongedwe pa mthunzi wa asilikali German mu 1945. Komabe, chifukwa cha ntchito yovuta kwambiri nkhondo imene asilikali a Soviet Army ndi magulu Polish kukana, mzinda anapulumuka.

The awiri waukulu zokopa za Kraków ili Wawel Hill. The oyamba - Cathedral wa Wawel Cathedral. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa akachisi ambiri amene amapatsidwa ulemu wa dziko. Poyamba wopereka coronation ndi manda olamulira Polish. The chachiwiri chidwi nyumba pa phiri - Royal Castle. Iye kamodzi anali malo okhala a Jagiellonian, Piast Vasa. Poyamba Nyumbayi inali m'malo wodzichepetsa nyumba pang'ono mu kalembedwe Romanesque. Patapita nthawi, mobwerezabwereza kumangidwanso, kukodzedwa. Ndicho chifukwa chake ali mbali khalidwe la mumaganiza kamangidwe ka nthawi zambiri mbiri.

Mu Kraków, Matchalitchi ambiri. The wamkulu - St. Maria (Mariana). Ambiri amadziwika Gothic ake chosasimbika galasi othimbirira. Poyamba, nyumbayi inali ndi mtengo. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu mu malo ake anali atamanga watsopano - kalembedwe Romanesque, koma inawonongedwa paulendo wina wa anawazunza wa Chitata. Mpingo anamanganso m'nthawi ya cinai, ndi kale mu kalembedwe Gothic.

kukopa wina ndi otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse migodi mchere amatchedwa "Magnum Sal". Iwo zili pafupi khumi makilomita ku Kraków - m'tauni Velichko. Aliyense angathe kupita kukaona wapadera Salt Museum.

Wotchuka Kraków bungwe la maphunziro apamwamba - Jagiellonian University. satifiketi A Ndiyeno pa maziko zace Casimir II mu May 1364. Pakhomo linalembedwa ndi Mwambi otsatirawa: "Maganizo Umapeza mphamvu". sukulu uyu anali ndi gulu la nyenyezizo ambiri a sayansi dziko. Pakati pawo, nthawi zambiri amatchula Nikolaya Kopernika - zakuthambo ndi masamu ya nthawi Kubadwa Kwatsopano, woyambitsa dongosolo heliocentric a dziko; Stanisław Lem - wotchuka wolemba nkhani wosangalatsa; Yohane Paulo II canonized Wodala.

Poyamba inakhalapo zochitachita khumi, amene eyiti jurisprudential, awiri zachipatala ndi chimodzi owolowa manja zaluso. Dipatimenti ya zamulungu anabwera mochedwa, pamene chilolezo kwa Papa. University lotsogoledwa ndi Chancellor wa ufumu Polish. udindo wake m'gulu kusamalira zochitika ndi chitukuko cha m'banja.

Pomaliza

Pamwamba taona chifukwa ndi pamene kusintha dzina la likulu. Poland amadziwika ndi mizinda yambiri kalelo, koma anali mu Kraków ndi Warsaw ali anaikira zazikulu zowoneka zakale, ndi zina ngakhale m'gulu la UNESCO World Heritage List.