Mapira - kuti ... Mbewu

Mwambo wa kuphika mapira phala akulimba zozama zapitazi. Mapira - ndi monga chimanga wakale, analowa Russia ku China kapena Mongolia. Opukutidwa mbewu zomera ndi tirigu.

The processing malo chachikulu

Pakali pano, ku mitundu 500 ya mapira. Cropping m'madera pachikhalidwe anagonjetsedwa ndi anthu a louma ndi theka-louma nyengo. Ku Asia (China, Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) mlandu pa 55% kupanga dziko mapira. Pa Africa (Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mali, Tanzania, Uganda, Senegal) - mpaka 25%. Soviet Union makamaka mapira M'madera steppe la Ukraine ndi Kazakhstan monga mbewu chakudya, ndi Republic of Belarus - monga chakudya ndi.

Mapira ku Russia

Pa gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia pali 8 yonse ya zomera, nakulitsa 2 yekha kwa iwo; mapira wamba - Panicum muliaceum L. (mbewu) ndi capitate - Setaria italica L (wobiriwira misa chakudya nyama).

Malinga ndi mwambo inflorescences mapira wamba ali 5 subspecies: chowulungika ndi Komov (otukuka monga thermophilic ndi chilala), ndi kufalikira wanthambi (zochepa thermophilic, akhoza kukula ngakhale Nechernozemie) ndi wothinikizidwa (wilted).

Setar (Italy, Borovoye mapira) akulimidwa ku Far East. Zikuyenera 2 subspecies - mapira ndi mantha.

mbewu yaikulu ya mapira wamba anaikira mu Western Siberia, Bashkiria, mu chapakati Black Lapansi, nthaka zachonde wa North Caucasus. Area zofesedwa oyambirira kukhwima mitundu ya mapira, mowirikiza kukula Non-Black Lapansi ndi kum'mawa Siberia.

mbali kwachilengedwenso

Mapira - ndi chaka ndi chaka, kudzikonda mungu, photophilous chomera. Zomera ndi yochepa - kuchokera awiri miyezi inayi. Pamene chodzala mu lonse amapereka asanu dzenje zimayambira, kawirikawiri tillering - 2-3 phesi.

mbewu waukulu (rye, tirigu, balere, Mapila) masamba kuchepera pa tsinde kuposa mapira. Inflorescence - panicle a mitundu yosiyanasiyana kulalikira kwa mtanda.

Mizu akhoza umalowa mu theka-mita akuya, koma chakudya misa yaikulu inali ku wosanjikiza masentimita 40..

Growth pambuyo kumera wosakwiya (masabata 2-3), chifukwa cha zimenezi, mbewu chimatsutsana zoipa kukula namsongole. Mapira - chomera, napempha M'sitolo chinyontho wosanjikiza chapamwamba nthaka: chinyezi zambiri, osauka mizu nodal mofulumira. M'mikhalidwe akumane kumachitika ogona a nkhonya ndi mizu breakage. The mwamphamvu zimadalira chinyezi tillering kupezeka katundu michere, kuwapangitsa kufesa nthawi (May 15), kuya zofunika mbewu (5 cm) osachepera namsongole.

zomangamanga ulimi

Mapira ndi belay wabwino pa chomera pamene mbewu zina (onse chisanu ndi masika) chiyani sizingamere kapena kumwalira. Ichi ndi chifukwa nthawi mochedwa kubzala - kuyambira m'ma May kuti June. Mbewu kuyamba kumera lokha pa kutentha mwachilungamo mkulu - madigiri 14, amaona kutentha kwambiri madigiri 18.

Mapira - chikufuna kwa kapangidwe nthaka ya zomera: zokolola apamwamba anaona pa structural chernozem ndi mgoza dothi (matani 50 pa mahekitala). Nakulitsa dziko ndi ndale pang'ono zamchere anachita pamene chinyezi ndi headroom okwanira akhoza stably kupereka mkulu zokolola.

Chifukwa chakuti weediness kumabweretsa zokolola kuchepetsa, m'pofunika mosamala kukonzekera pansi kubzala: snegouderzhanie, oyambirira lalikulu (kale pamene namsongole woyamba kumera) mpaka cultivations zitatu zotsatizana pa zinyalala mkulu.

Pakuti zokolola zogwirizana masika amafuna feteleza - calcium, phosphorous, asafe. Izi safuna, ngati zinthu zofunika kwambiri mbatata mapira kapena Beets: chonde amakhalabe mkulu. pyakusowa wa zokolola mapira, pambuyo mbewu yozizira. Mu monoculture kufa chifukwa cha matenda kugonjetsedwa mafangasi.

The tizirombo Waukulu zomera - napusaki, midges mkate, cicadas, mapulaniwo borer.

Zokolola za mapira ndi osauka Russia: kuchokera matani 8 ndi 12 pa mahekitala, pamene nyengo ya Soviet ku Kazakhstan wotchuka onse pa dziko analandira Chaganak Bercy yokolola pafupifupi 156 makilogalamu pa mahekitala mu 1941, ndipo mu 1943 - 201.

tanthauzo Food

Kulemera kwa mapira kudyetsa mayeso a nthawi mapira mu Russia ndi kuwonjezera pa Greek.

Kuti balere mbewu kukonzedwa. Mapira litasamuka yekha maluwa akhakula chipolopolo otchedwa Dranets. Pambuyo akupera mapira analandira. Atavutika - byproduct pa akupera. Ndipo yapamwamba flakes - zotsatira za matenthedwe ndi makina chithandizo tirigu.

Mavoti mapira chifukwa zakudya (mpaka 13% mapuloteni, za 81% wowuma, 3.8% mafuta), moyenera kukoma (tifufuza zinthu ndi mchere mchere) mankhwala (vitamini B gulu zili woposa wa mbewu zina), ndi zofewa razvarivaemosti mkulu digestibility.

Mphamvu ya dzinthu tirigu pa mtundu khalidwe

Ndi mapira tirigu mtundu mwamphamvu anawagawa mitundu itatu: yoyamba - woyera ndi kirimu mtundu, wachiwiri - wofiira mapira (onse mithunzi izi osiyanasiyana kuti woderapo), lachitatu - ndi mtundu wachikasu. Zosiyanasiyana nakulitsa mapira RF Orlowski ndi nyenyezi yaing'ono Vsepodolyanskoe-59 anatumizidwa ku mtundu woyamba; Standard Gorlinka, Barnaul 80 Orenburgskoe-9-6 Saratov, Saratov-3, Omsk-10 Lipetskoe - chachiwiri ndi Kinelskoye 92 Belgorodskoye-1, 8-Kharkov ndi Kharkov-57 - kuti wachitatu.

Mtundu mbewu zimadalira pamaso kapena kusapezeka kwa anthocyanins (colorants). Phata (mapira) ali ndi mitundu yowala (wandiweyani chikasu) wachikuda, anapereka mbewu tima ankalemekeza pamwamba Khalidwe ogula ndi mtengo.

mtengo forage

Mapira - ndi mbali yofunika ya zakudya ku nyama husbandry ndi ulimi nkhuku.

Unpolished njere ya mapira ntchito monga chakudya mbalame: nkhuku kuchuluka kupanga dzira, kuwonjezera mphamvu za chipolopolo ndi nkhuku mapira phala ndi tirigu - mphamvu zomuthandiza. ufa mapira mu osakaniza zakudya zina nkhumba wonenepa ndi atsekwe. Zinyansi pa ulimi wa tirigu ntchito yokonza chakudya nyama ndi chakudya monga kuikapo maganizo nyama.

Mapira udzu ndi ofunika kwambiri monga roughage kuposa udzu mbewu monga chimanga ena, monga pambuyo yokolola amakhalabe wobiriwira ndi zambiri masamba.

Mwatsopano mapira (obiriwira) - chakudya chabwino kwa ng'ombe ndi nkhosa, kotero kaŵirikaŵiri afesedwa msipu.

zakutchire aliyense mbewu mbalame anapangidwa pamaziko a mapira ndi. Posachedwapa, pali mchitidwe wa kukakamiza mapira pa amadyera zedi zochepa (muli, mpukutu mphasa) kwa onse kukongoletsa komanso nkhuku.

mitengo mapangidwe kwa mapira ku Russia

Chifukwa yosungirako likulu mkulu kugwirizana ndi makhalidwe onse kwachilengedwenso (mbewu zabwino kwambiri, amafuna mpweya kapena kuzirala), ndi kudalira nyengo, zambiri anapereka kwa mapira kugulitsa chakudya. Mtengo wa njere anapulumutsa zimadalira khalidwe: kwambiri zofunika za muyezo, kotero pamwamba. Alipo okwanira zofunika kwa processing mbewu monga chimanga ndi lolimba zokwanira ndipo si onse makampani zaulimi (zikuluzikulu) angapereke kwa iwo. Tumizani wa mapira mu opanga zoweta ulimi nkomwe akubwera. The imports waukulu ali ku Turkey ndi Mongolia - mayiko ikutulutsa mapira.