Njira yaikulu ya derivation. Masiku mawu mapangidwe

Kayankhulidwe ka chinenero chilichonse nthawi zonse kuwonjezera mayunitsi latsopano lexical. The njira chachikulu cha kubwezeretsa ndi derivation. Zimenezi ali ndi makhalidwe komanso mitundu. Kuweta njira mawu mapangidwe zimayenera kukhala zachindunji aliyense chinenero makamaka. Izo zimatengera kukonza, makhalidwe ndi ngakhale mbali ya kulankhula.

maganizo

Mu mapangidwe mawu kumvetsa maonekedwe a zinthu zatsopano lexical ntchito suffixes, prefixes, ndi njira zina. Munthu amene amadziwa mmene mawu lomenyera zinenero, amatha mwamsanga kubwezeretsanso chilankhulo chawo, komanso kuwerenga ndi kumvetsetsa mawu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito dikishonale.

Pali classifications angapo njira ya mawu mapangidwe. Akatswiri ena a zinenero ntchito kufanizitsa ndi mfundo diachronic synchrony, koma ambiri ndi kufalitsa ndondomeko ya subspecies morphemic ndi nemorfemny. Gawo chimadaliranso chinenero, kumene mapangidwe mawu. Gome m'munsimu chikusonyeza makhalidwe a ndondomeko ya chinenero cha Chirasha.

Aliyense subtype ali mbali yake ndi zochita zake.

Derivation ntchito morpheme

njira Morphemic amakhala ndi chakuti mawu atsopano mu chinenero kuoneka pogwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi wogwila lexical ndi affixes yeniyeni. mtundu uwu ali njira yake yaikulu ya mawu mapangidwe:

• Suffix.
• The prefixed.
• ma osiyana prefixal, suffix ndi mitundu Postaffixal.
• Kuwonjezera.
• Chidule.

Aliyense mwina ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana, mbali ndi mapangidwe malamulo.

mtundu suffix

Njira yaikulu kwa derivation chinenero Russian ndi ndondomeko ya suffixes. Pankhaniyi, latsopano zinthu lexical kuoneka powonjezera kwa m'munsi mwa mawu suffix derivational mtundu. Mwachitsanzo, uchi asanu, uchi Tel. Suffixation chimakwirira pafupifupi mbali ya kulankhula, koma ambiri ndi mawu mapangidwe manauni, adverbs ndi adjectives.

Zimenezi limodzi ndi zosintha zosiyanasiyana morphemic, amene anawagawa-mitundu boma zingapo:

• Alternating morphemes: lililonse - abwenzi (r Mukhoza-g).
• Truncation ikuyambitsa morpheme: mkulu - pamwamba.
• Chipindacho morpheme angapo: pinki - pinki.
• Change ka: wobiriwira - wobiriwira.

Izi si mndandanda wa kusintha, tingayambe derivation. Suffixes bwanji makhalidwe ena morphemic. kusintha mlingo malingana ndi maonekedwe a chinenero chinachake.

Mtundu prefixed

Ngati mawu atsopano aumbike mwa kuwonjezera m'munsi mwa mtima ziwalo, tikulankhula za ndondomeko ya prefixes. Mosiyana suffix ndi manambala oyambirira zambiri ndipamene latsopano mayunitsi lexical mu gawo womwewo wa kulankhula. Chinenero ya Russian ntchito njira miyambo ndi derivation wa mneni. Mwachitsanzo: kuphika - kuphika - kukonzekera; kulemba - chizindikiro - kuletsa etc.

Ngakhale mwachilungamo ambiri mtundu uwu, nthawi zambiri prefixing ntchito molumikizana ndi zina mawu mapangidwe. Nthawi zambiri, izo suffixes, postfiksatsiya ndi ena.

Kuphatikiza suffixes, prefixes ndi postfiksatsii

Modern mawu mapangidwe amakhala ndi ntchito munthawi yomweyo mawu ndi suffixes, prefixes, ndi njira zina zofanana komanso ma zosiyanasiyana zace. Chinenero cha Chirasha akusiyanitsa njira zotsatirazi:

• Prefixal-suffix. Mawu atsopano aumbike imodzi mothandizidwa ndi prefixes ndi suffixes. Mwachitsanzo, msewu - plantain; malire - kunja.
• Postaffixal. Zikamera wa mawu latsopano powonjezera postfix: Xia, kapena, tsiku lina, -So Olankhulidwa etc. Mwachitsanzo, munthu - aliyense - aliyense ..
• Prefixal-Postaffixal. Pankhaniyi, mawu atsopano aumbike mwa manambala oyambirira ndi postfix imodzi. Nthawi zambiri, njira yotere alipo mbali yomweyo ya kulankhula. Choncho, m'njira n'zotheka derivation wa adjectives, manauni, kasewenzetsedwe ka mau, etc. Mwachitsanzo, kuitana - kuitana .; kugona - kugona ndi ena.
• Suffixal Postaffixal. mawuwo imodzi ndi suffix ndi postfix. Mwachitsanzo, zachabechabe - mkangano; khamu - khamu. Derivation wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau - malo okha mu chinenero cha Chirasha, amene amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi.
• Prefixal-suffix-Postaffixal. zosinthika Izi amakhala ndi mapangidwe mawu atsopano pogwiritsa onse suffixes, prefixes ndi postfiksatsii. Mwachitsanzo, kunong'onezana - kunong'ona; kulankhula - nkhani.

Izi mitundu ya mawu mapangidwe ndi wotanganidwa kwambiri osati Russian, komanso mu zinenero zina zambiri.

Kuwonjezera

zachilendo kwa chinenero Russian ndi kukhalapo kwa Komanso ngati njira mawu mapangidwe. Pankhaniyi latsopano lexical wagawo zikuoneka chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe mawu awiri kapena kuposa anasankha chidutswa chimodzi. Malinga ndi zimene mawu amaphatikizidwa ndi njira, kusiyanitsa zotsatirazi njira yaikulu ya mawu mapangidwe mwa Kuwonjezera:

• Stem-. Latsopano lexical zinthu kuonekera patatha Kuwonjezera mawu awiri kapena kuposa ntchito interfiksa. Pankhaniyi ndi otsiriza lalikulu zikuluzikulu za kuphatikiza ndi. Mwachitsanzo, umuna, etc. tsiku.
• Kuwonjezera mawu awiri kapena kuposa, yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa kufanana yokulirapo. Mwachitsanzo, kama Sofa, nduna yaikulu ndi ena.

Kuwonjezera mwakhama ntchito mu zinenero Russian ndi ena, ndipo nthawi zambiri amachititsa derivation wa manauni ndi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau.

chidule

njira ya n'kupanga, umene ndi kamangidwe ka mphatso latsopano ntchito splicing mbali mawu ena, otchedwa chidule. Malinga njira ndi kuphatikiza mbali ntchito mbali ya kulankhula, apo akutsatira chidule:

• Poyambirira. Pankhaniyi, mawu atsopano amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mawu payekha kapena makalata. Choncho, chidule koyamba kungakhale lomveka (mwachitsanzo, Mat, sukulu) kapena afabeti (mwachitsanzo, NLO, LPG neri Al.).
• Syllabary. Mtundu zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mbali osiyana mawu osiyana (mwachitsanzo, m'sitolo, ogwira ncthito neri Al.).
• Osokonezeka. mtundu uwu ndi osakaniza mbali yoyamba okha limodzi mayunitsi lexical ndi mayunitsi ena kwathunthu (mwachitsanzo, malipiro, mgwirizano, etc.).

Chidule makamaka zogwirizana mu lexicography ano, chifukwa tsopano pali azimuth lonse ndi nkhani kuwonetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane pazipita ndi conciseness wa chinenero.

Nemorfemnye mitundu ya mawu mapangidwe

Monga yomanga mayunitsi latsopano lexical popanda morpheme, ndiye pali zotsatirazi njira yaikulu ya mawu mapangidwe:

• Lexical ndi syntactic.
• Morphological ndi syntactic.
• Lexical-zamalankhulidwe.

Zikatero, mawu atsopano kuoneka chifukwa kusintha mbali imodzi ya kulankhula china, kapena maphatikizidwe wa dismemberment tanthauzo lexical mawu pa zigawo munthu.

Lexical ndi syntactic njira

Izi njira umatchedwanso kuti coalescence, chifukwa mawu atsopano mu nkhani iyi anapanga ndi maphatikizidwe wa mawu makamaka. Zimenezi zimabweretsa zimene zikusintha osati tanthauzo lexical mawu, komanso udindo wake syntactic. Mwachitsanzo, yobiriwira - yobiriwira: misala anatsika - misala neri Al.

Nthawi zambiri yozungulira lexical wagawo amachita monga adverb, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi maphatikizidwe mawu mapangidwe adjectives ndi participles. Mau ofanana a mayunitsi lexical ali osiyana mu kuti ali ndi ka ndi okhwima inalamula mbali zake zonse.

Morphological ndi syntactic njira

zosinthika Izi amakhala ndi mapangidwe mawu atsopano ndi kusintha mbali imodzi ya kulankhula wina. The subtypes zotsatirazi njira:

• Substantivation. Kusintha kuchokera mbali ina ya kulankhula mu nauni. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri otchuka ndi gulu la kuonetsa womenya molasidwa ndi kukhala chete ndi ena anavulazidwa.
• Adjectivization. Kupita mbali ya kulankhula adjective. Mwachitsanzo, woimba novice, etc. wonyika mu tebulo.
• Adverbializatsiya. Kupita ndi nauni mu adverb ndi. Mwachitsanzo, pa nyengo yozizira m'mawa - m'mawa kubwera.

Palinso zina zimene mungachite kuti njira morphological ndi syntactic. Aliyense chinenero ali ake makhalidwe mwini, mungachite ngakhale ndi zinthu zapadera.

Lexical-zamalankhulidwe njira

Pankhaniyi, latsopano zinthu lexical kuonekera patatha mawu enieni amang'amba phindu lake m'munsi, ndi kukatenga owonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, ilili - onse monga mnzake ndi thupi lakumwamba; titaniyamu - chimphona nthano ndi zitsulo ndi ena ambiri. Choncho, Kapangidwe ka mawu chinenero zimasiyanasiyana chifukwa kusuntha manenedwe a mawu.

Pakuti derivation nawonso zinthu zina ndi kufanana kwa zochitika ziwiri kapena zinthu. Izi zambiri amafuna kwambiri ndithu nthawi.

Mawu lomenyera English

Ntchito yomanga latsopano mawu mu chingelezi ikuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pachikhalidwe, akatswiri a zinenero kusiyanitsa Kuwonjezera pa vuto ndi derivation monga mawu lomenyera English. Gome m'munsimu chikusonyeza zimenezi:

Koma Kuwonjezera pa vuto, ndiye njira imeneyi ndi khalidwe la chinenero cha Chirasha. Mofananamo, Chingerezi anapanga pafupifupi gawo lirilonse la mawu. Mwachitsanzo, kuti akuyendeni pansi, chibwenzi, mdima buluu, winawake neri Al. Derivation yodziwika ndi mapangidwe ena mayunitsi ena lexical. Zimenezi zingatheke mwa akatembenuka mbali imodzi ya kulankhula wina (yankho - kuyankha), kusintha maganizo danga (nkhondo - nkhondo), kusinthana kwa phokoso (malangizo - kulangiza) kapena affixation ntchito prefixes ndi suffixes. Kuphatikiza ya kusintha kwa - ndi maziko, amene ali mawu lomenyera English. Table izo zikusonyeza.

Njira yaikulu kukuza mawu - ndi derivation, amene ali zowoneka ake komanso mbali malingana ndi mbali ya kulankhula. The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe mayunitsi latsopano lexical satha ndipo ali ake mbali mwini chosiyana zinenero zosiyanasiyana.