Kazak - ndani izi? Mbiri ya Cossacks

Mu ndondomeko ya mbiri chitukuko cha anthu kumeneko anali mphindi pamene ina gulu analekana ndipo potero kulenga osiyana wosanjikiza chikhalidwe. Nthawi zina, zinthu izi chikhalidwe co-analipo mwamtendere ndi mtundu wawo ndi dziko pa lalikulu, ena - anamenyera malo ofanana pansi pano. Chitsanzo cha chotero zigawenga fuko tinganene kuti ngati stratum a anthu, monga Cossacks. Oyimira a gulu chikhalidwe nthawizonse zakhala maganizo wapadera wa dziko ndi yachipembedzo pachimake kwambiri. Pakali pano, asayansi sangathe kulingalira ngati izi ndi wosanjikiza anthu mitundu Asilavo mtundu osiyana. Mbiri ya Cossacks ku akutali XV atumwi, mayiko a ku Ulaya akumenya nkhondo internecine ndi mikangano dynastic.

The etymology mawu "Cossack"

Anthu ambiri masiku ano ali ndi chithunzithunzi cha zimene Cossack - wankhondo kapena mtundu womwewo wa asilikali amene ankakhala ena nthawi zakale ndi kumenyera nkhondo ufulu wawo. Komabe, kutanthauzira ndi zauma mokwanira ndi kutali ndi choonadi, anapatsidwa, ndiponso etymology akuti "Cossack". Pali ziphunzitso zingapo zofunika za chiyambi cha mawu, mwachitsanzo:

- Turkic ( "Cossack" - munthu wopanda);

- mawu amachokera Kosogs;

- Turkey ( "kaz", "Cossack" amatanthauza "tsekwe");

- mawu amachokera mawu akuti "Kozara";

- Mongolian chiphunzitso;

- Turkestan chiphunzitso - kuti dzina la mafuko woyendayendawu;

- m'chilankhulo cha Chitata "Cossack" - wankhondo mu vanguard a asilikali.

Pali ziphunzitso zina, omwe ndi osiyana kwambiri anafotokoza mawu, koma pachimake kwambiri zomveka za matanthauzo onse tingaone. Chiphunzitso ambiri ndi kuti Cossack anali munthu free, koma zida, kukonzekera kukachita nkhondo ndi nkhondo.

chiyambi m'mbiri

Mbiri ya Cossacks kumayambira m'ma XV, ndicho mu 1489 - kutchula koyamba liwu lakuti "Cossack". The dziko mbiri ya Cossacks ndi Eastern Europe, ndipo makamaka, malo otchedwa Field Wild (masiku ano Ukraine). Tikumbukenso kuti m'zaka za m'ma XV, anawatchula malowa anali ndale sagwiritsa ntchito ku Russian monga ufumu, ndi kwa Poland. Kwenikweni m'gawo "Bakuman Field" chinaperekedwa ku anawazunza zonse Crimea Chitata. Pang'onopang'ono yothetsa m'dziko la ochokera Poland ndi Ufumu wa chikoka Russian pa zomwe kalasi watsopano - ndi Cossacks. Ndipotu, mbiri ya Cossacks kuchokera nthawi imene anthu wamba, osawuka, ndipo anayamba kukhazikika m'dziko la m'munda Wild, motero kulenga yekha lodzilamulira magulu awo ankhondo, kuti pokana ndi matenda Chitata ndi mayiko ena. Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XVI Cossack regiments inasanduka mphamvu asilikali, amene analenga mavuto ambiri m'maboma wapafupi.

Chirengedwe cha Zaporozhye Sech

Malinga ndi kafukufuku zakale zomwe amadziwika kuti tsiku ulendo woyamba kudzilamulira gulu la Cossacks anapangidwa mu 1552 ndi Prince Volyn Vyshnevetsky, imadziwika Bayda.

Iye ndi ndalama zawo kukhazikitsa maziko a asilikali motero Sich, yomwe inali pa chilumba cha Khortytsya. Zimapita Cossacks onse moyo. malo n'chabwino pankhondo yabwino monga Sich overlaps ndi ndime ya Chitata a Crimea, komanso kukhala umakhala pafupi ndi malire a Poland. Komanso, malo m'zigawozo chisumbu walenga mavuto ambiri kwa Sich kumenya. Khortytsia Sich sizinakhalitse, chifukwa mu 1557 anawawononga, koma mpaka 1775, monga Kulimbikitsa anamanga pa yofanana - pa zilumba mtsinje.

Kuyesa pogonjetsa Cossacks

Mu 1569 izo aumbike latsopano Chilituyaniya-Polish boma - Rzeczpospolita. Mwachibadwa, zimenezi mgwirizano yaitali monga Poland ndi Lithuania linali lofunika kwambiri, ndipo ufulu Cossacks m'malire a boma latsopano zinthu motsutsana ndi zofuna za dziko la Commonwealth. Kumene, kulimbitsa monga chishango kwambiri ndi Chitata anawazunza, koma iwo mwamtheradi anali kudziletsa ndipo si ndi ulamuliro wa korona. Choncho, m'chaka cha 1572 mfumu ya Commonwealth Sigismund II Augustus ikupereka ngolo, amene zonse ntchito yotumikira korona 300 Cossacks. Iwo analembedwa mu mndandanda wa kaundula, chimene chinachititsa kuti dzina lawo - Mwalamulo Cossacks. magulu amenewa nthawizonse wakhala tcheru mkulu mwamsanga kumenya Chitata anawazunza malire a Commonwealth, komanso kubisa kobwereza wamba kupanduka.

Cossack kugalukira ufulu wachipembedzo ndi national

Kuyambira 1583 mpaka 1657, atsogoleri ena a zipolowe Cossack, kuti amasule okha ku mphamvu ya Commonwealth ndi mayiko ena amene ayesa kuligonjetsa dziko lapansi si anapanga mu Ukraine.

Chilakolako chathupi champhamvu ufulu anayamba kutuluka mwa kalasi Cossack pambuyo 1620 pamene Sagaidachnyi hetman pamodzi ndi khamu lonse Zaporozhye limodzi ndi Kyiv ubale. Zimenezi chinali umodzi mwa miyambo Cossack wa chikhulupiriro Orthodox.

Kuyambira nthawi kuti nkhondo Cossacks ananyamula osati kumasula, komanso chipembedzo. Mavuto kukula pakati kazatstvom ndi Poland zinachititsa kuti odziwika bwino mitundu-yomenyera nkhondo 1648 - 1654, anawatsogolera ndi Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Komanso, m'pofunika kuonetsetsa osachepera kwambiri kugalukira ndicho Nalivaiko kugalukira Kosinski, Sulima, Pavluk neri Al.

Decossackization pa Ufumu Russian

Patapita nkhondo analephera yomenyera dziko m'zaka XVII, komanso inayamba Mavuto mphamvu asilikali wakhala kwambiri linasokoneza ndi Cossacks. Komanso, Cossacks anataya thandizo la Russian Ufumu pambuyo kusintha mbali ya Sweden nkhondo pa Poltava, imene Cossack asilikali lotsogoleredwa ndi Ivan Mazepa. Chifukwa cha zino a zochitika m'mbiri m'zaka XVIII amayamba zazikulu ndondomeko Decossackization, amene anafika pachimake pa ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi Catherine II. Mu 1775, a Zaporizhzhya Sich kunatha. Komabe, Cossacks anapatsidwa ufulu: kupita njira yake (moyo wamba wamba moyo), kapena kujowina hussar, dragoon regiments kuposa ambiri anapezerapo mwayi. Komabe anakhalabe mbali yofunika kwambiri asilikali Cossack (za 12,000 anthu), amene sanali kuvomereza maganizo a Russian Ufumu. Kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha malire ake akale, komanso mu njira iliyonse koletsedwa ndi "zotsala za Cossack", pa njira imene Aleksandra Suvorova analengedwa Black Sea Cossack Army mu 1790.

Kuban Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks, kapena Cossacks Russian, anaonekera mu 1860. Inakhalapo ya usilikali Cossack mayunitsi angapo amene analipo pa nthawi imeneyo. Pambuyo nthawi zingapo Decossackization mayunitsi asilikali akhala gawo limodzi la magulu akatswiri zida za Russian Ufumu. Kuban Cossacks chinazikidwa mu North Caucasus (m'dera la makono Krasnodar Krai). Maziko a Kuban Cossacks anali Black Sea Cossack khamu ndi Caucasus Cossack ankhondo, zomwe linathetsedwa chifukwa cha mapeto a Caucasus nkhondo. wagawo asilikali analengedwa monga mphamvu malire kulamulira zikuchitika ku Caucasus. The nkhondo m'dera inatha, koma kukhazikika kwa nthawi zonse pangozi. Cossacks Russian amapereka gawo lotetezedwa kwambiri pakati pa Caucasus ndi Russian Ufumu. Komanso, oimira asilikali akhala nawo Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Pakali pano, moyo wa Kuban Cossacks, miyambo ndi chikhalidwe chawo zinasungidwa chifukwa cha kupangidwa Kuban Cossack Army Society.

Don Cossacks

Don Cossacks ndi amakezana Cossack chikhalidwe anatuluka ndi Zaporozhye Cossacks mu zaka za m'ma XV. Don Cossacks inali pa malire a m'madera Rostov, Volgograd, Lugansk ndi Donetsk. Dzina asilikali mbiri chikugwirizana ndi Don Mtsinje. Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa Don Cossacks ku mayunitsi ena Cossack chakuti Kutacha osati monga gulu lankhondo, komanso ndi mfunda, amene ali ndi makhalidwe yake chikhalidwe. Don Cossacks Zaporozhye mwachangu mogwirizana ndi nkhondo zambiri. Pa October kuukira boma ndi Don Cossacks anakhazikitsa boma zawo, koma centralization a m'gawo lake "White kayendedwe" zinachititsa kuti wagonja ndipo wotsatira kupondereza. Ndizoonekeratu kuti Don Cossack - ndi munthu amene ali ndi mapangidwe makamaka chikhalidwe, zochokera chinthu yosiyanasiyana. Don Cossack chikhalidwe lili nthawi yathu. Lomwe tsopano ku Russia ndi pafupifupi 140.000 anthu amene kulemba mtundu wawo monga "Cossack".

Ntchito ya Cossacks mu chikhalidwe dziko

Pakali pano, mbiriyakale, moyo wa Cossacks, miyambo yawo nkhondo ndi chikhalidwe zikukangalika kuphunzira ndi asayansi padziko lonse lapansi. Mosakayikira, Cossacks si magulu ankhondo ndi osiyana mitundu gulu, limene kwa zaka zingapo wamanga chikhalidwe chake chosiyana. olemba mbiri amakono ntchito pa nthawi ya kulenganso wa zidutswa zing'onozing'ono mbiri ya Cossacks, kuti kupitirizabe chikumbukiro gwero lalikulu la makamaka East chikhalidwe European.