Mawu Chisilavo. Old chinenero Chisilavo. Chisilavo kalata

Chimodzi mwa chidwi chinenero akufa - chinenero Chisilavo Chakale. Mawu amene anali gawo la mawu ake, malamulo galamala, ngakhale ena peculiarities phonetic ndi zilembo chinadzakhala maziko a Russian ano. Tiyeni tione mtundu wa chinenero, pamene ndi mmene zinayambira, ndipo kaya ntchito lero, ndi ziti zimene.

Ndipo kulankhula zimene amaphunzira ku mayunivesite, komanso kutchula wotchuka ndi zofunika ntchito wodzipereka ku Chisililiki zilembo ndi galamala Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi. Tiyeni tikumbukire ndife za Cyril ndi Methodius, odziwika padziko lonse abale Tesalonika.

mwachidule

Ngakhale kuti kwa zaka zambiri asayansi kulabadira chinenero ichi, kuphunzira Chisilavo Chakale zilembo ndi mbiri ya chitukuko, nkhani si kwambiri. Ngati malamulo ndiponso kapangidwe phonetic chinenero, kapangidwe lexical kwambiri kapena zochepa kuphunzira, ndiye zonse zimene zikukhudzana ndi magwero ake akadali zokayikitsa.

Izi zimayambira pa mfundo yakuti ndiAmene wa script kapena sanasunge timva za ntchito zawo, kapena zochitika ndi onse atayika pa nthawi. Kuphunzira zambiri za chinenero ambiri olembedwa zinayamba ochepa, pamene palibe munthu anakhoza kunena motsimikiza mtundu wa chilankhulo chinadzakhala maziko a chinenero olembedwa.

Akukhulupirira kuti chinenero anali chongopeka analenga pamaziko a m'zilembo za chinenero Chibugariya m'zaka IX ndipo ntchito pa dera la Russia kwa zaka zambiri.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti ena amanena mungapeze dzina n'chimodzimodzi chinenero - Mpingo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zikamera wa mabuku Russia chikugwirizana mwachindunji kwa mpingo. Poyamba, mpingo mabuku: Mabuku losandulika, mapemphero, m'mafanizo, analenga malemba pachiyambi. Komanso, chinenero zambiri anapatsidwa wogwidwa okha ndi anthu, akuluakulu a tchalitchi.

Kenako, ndi chitukuko cha chinenero, anadza m'malo Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi Old Russian chinenero, amene amadalira kwambiri pa kuloŵedwa m'malo. Izo zinachitika pafupi zaka za m'ma XII.

Komabe Chisilavo kalata anafika ife pafupifupi bwinobwino, ndipo timagwiritsa ntchito lero. Ife ntchito ndi kalembedwe dongosolo, amene anayamba kutuluka ngakhale pamaso chinenero akale.

chilengedwe Baibulo

Akukhulupirira kuti chinenero Chisilavo Chakale alitcha chikuoneka kuti Cyril ndi Methodius. Ndipo ndizo zimene tapeza mu mabuku onse pa mbiriyakale ya chinenero ndi mabuku.

Abale anaika pa maziko a munthu wa Asilavo ankalankhula Thessaloníki script latsopano. Ichi chidachitika makamaka kumasulira mawu a m'Baibulo ndiponso mapemphero chinenero mpingo Asilavo.

Koma pali Mabaibulo ena za chiyambi cha chinenero. Choncho, I. Yagitch ankakhulupirira kuti maziko a Church Old anakhala mmodzi wa m'zilembo chinenero cha Chimakedoniya.

Palinso chiphunzitso chimene maziko a kulemba latsopano anali Chibugariya. Iwo atapereka P. Safarik. Iye ankaona kuti chinenero titchedwe Old Chibugariya, osati Old Church. Mpaka pano, ofufuza ena sizigwirizana pa nkhaniyi.

Mwa njira, mpaka tsopano akatswiri a zinenero Chibugariya ndikukhulupirira kuti ife tiganizire ndi Old chinenero Chibugariya si Asilavo.

Sitingathe n'komwe kuti pali zina, kupatula odziwika bwino chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chinenero, koma mwina sanali m'nkhani asayansi, kapena chirichonse kulephera zawo zonse zinali.

Mulimonsemo, mawu akale Chisilavo angapezeke osati Russian, Chibelarusi ndi Chiyukireniya zilankhulo, komanso mu Polish, Chimakedoniya, Chibugariya ndi zina Asilavo m'zilembo. Choncho, kukambirana zomwe a zinenero pafupi Chisilavo Chakale, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti nthawi zikadzachitika.

Tesalonika abale

NdiAmene wa Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti - Kirill Ine Mefody - wochokera mumzinda wa Tesalonika, ku Greece. Abale anabadwa mu banja mwachilungamo olemera, kotero anatha kupeza maphunziro kwambiri.

Mkulu m'bale - Michael - anabadwa pafupifupi zina 815. zaka. Popereka mmonke iye anapatsidwa dzina lakuti Methodius.

Constantine analinso womaliza m'banja komanso anabadwa pafupifupi 826 zaka. Ndinadziwa zilankhulo, wodziwa sayansi yeniyeni. Ngakhale kuti ambiri ananeneratu iye bwino komanso tsogolo kwambiri, Constantine zopita ku mapazi a mchimwene wake, ndipo nayenso anakhala wansembe, kulandira dzina la Cyril. Iye anafa m'chaka 869.

Abale zimayesetsa za kulalikidwa kwa Chikhristu ndi malemba. Iwo akhala m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuyesera kuuza anthu kuti mau a Mulungu. Komabe dziko kutchuka ndi zilembo Chisilavo Chakale.

abale onse anali canonized. M'mayiko ena Asilavo May 24, kukondwerera tsiku la Asilavo Analembera Language ndi Culture (Russia ndi Bulgaria). Ku Makedoniya, lero adzalemekezedwa Cyril ndi Methodius. Wina Asilavo mayiko awiri - Czech Republic ndi Slovakia - zowawa holide imeneyi pa July 5.

alifabeti awiri

Akukhulupirira Chisilavo kalata analengedwa pambuyo Greek Choonadi. Komanso, poyamba anali awiri zilembo - Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki. Kuona mwachidule iwo.

Choyamba - Chigilagoliti. Amakhulupirira kuti Mlengi wake anali Kirill Ine Mefody. Amakhulupirira kuti zilembo popanda zifukwa ndipo kulengedwa kuchokera zikande. Mu Lazaro wakale 'icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndithu, zina.

The chachiwiri - zilembo za Chisililiki. analenga nawonso amatamanda ndi abale a ku Tesalonika. Akukhulupirira kuti maziko a zilembo anatengedwa mosavomerezeka Byzantine kalata. Pa nthawi, kum'mawa Asilavo - Russian, Ukrainians ndi ntchito belorusy- za Chisilavo Chakale zilembo kalata - kapena kani, ndi Chisililiki.

Pa funso la mtundu wanji wa alifabeti akamakula, ndiye komanso palibe yankho lomveka bwino. Mulimonsemo, ngati tingayerekezere kuti onse Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti zinalengedwa Tesalonika abale, kusiyana pakati pa nthawi ya chilengedwe chonse ndi chodziwikiratu kuti upambana zaka khumi ndi khumi ndi asanu.

Ine ndinali kulemba kuti Chisililiki?

Ndipotu ina chidwi ndi ofufuza ena amakhulupirira mbiri ya chinenero, amene Russia linalembedwa pamaso Cyril ndi Methodius. Umboni wa chiphunzitso ichi amakhulupirira "Veles Book" imene linalembedwa ndi wakale Russian Amagi pamaso pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity. Pa nthawi yomweyo sizinapezekebe kutsimikiziridwa, zimene atumwi chipilala izi zolembalemba analengedwa.

Komanso, asayansi amati kuti zolemba zosiyanasiyana za apaulendo wakale Greek ndi asayansi olembedwa chikumbutso cha kukhalapo kwa Asilavo. Iwo amatchulidwanso mapangano amene walemba akalonga ndi amalonda Byzantine.

Mwatsoka, pali si yeniyeni mtima, ngati izi ziri zoona, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, chimodzimodzi zomwe zinalembedwa mu Russia pamaso pa kulalikidwa kwa Chikhristu.

Kuphunzira Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi

Ponena za kuphunzira chinenero Chisilavo Chakale, izo si chidwi asayansi Kuphunzira mbiri ya chinenero, dialectology, komanso asayansi slavyanistov.

Umayamba maphunziro ake m'zaka za zana chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi kukula njira poyerekeza-mbiri. Ife sitikhala akukhala pa nkhani imeneyi, popeza Ndipotu munthu kutseka si bwino zilankhulo, mayina a sayansi ndi chidwi ndi wodziwa. Wokwanira kuti pamaziko a kafukufuku inakhalapo kuposa buku, ambiri a iwo ntchito phunziro la mbiri ya chinenero ndi zinenero zina zambiri.

Studies anayamba chiphunzitso cha chitukuko cha chinenero Chisilavo Chakale, otanthauzira analemba za chinenero Chisilavo Chakale, kuphunzira malamulo ndiponso phonetics. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, pali sanathetsedwe zinsinsi ndi masamu Chisilavo Chakale chilankhulo.

Komanso, ine ndikupatsa mndandanda wa otanthauzira odziwika mabuku a chinenero Chisilavo Chakale. Mwina mabuku awa adzakhala chidwi kwa inu ndi kudzakuthandizani wofufuza mbiri ya chikhalidwe chathu ndi mabuku.

The mabuku wotchuka anali wosindikiza ophunzira monga Habugraev, Remneva, Elkin. mabuku onse atatu amatchedwa "Old chinenero Church Chisilavo."

Wokongola chidwi ntchito sayansi linatulutsidwa A. Selishcheva. Iye wawakonzera phunziro wopangidwa ndi magawo awiri, kuphimba lonse la Chisilavo Chakale dongosolo chinenero, muli osati chuma ongolankhula, komanso malemba, mawu komanso nkhani pa kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa chinenero.

Chidwi ndi zipangizo zoyenera Tesalonika abale, mbiri ya zilembo. Choncho, mu 1930, anamasulidwa ntchito "Zida pa zochitika za wakale Asilavo Literature," lolembedwa ndi P. Lavrov.

No zochepa wapatali, ndi chilemetso Shakhmatov, limene linatuluka mu Berlin mu 1908 - "Nthano ya pempholo ali mabuku m'chilankhulo Chisiloveniya." Mu 1855, dziko anaona monograph O. Bodyansky "About nthawi ya chiyambi cha kulemba Asilavo."

Komanso unalembedwa "Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi dictionary," kuchokera pa mapepala a X - zaka XI, amene anali lolembedwa ndi R. ndi R. Vecherka Zeitlin.

Mabuku awa onse wotchuka. Kuchokera pa iwo, mungolemba essays ndi malipoti pa mbiriyakale ya chinenero, komanso kukonzekera ntchito yaikulu kwambiri.

Chisilavo Chakale chinenero wosanjikiza

Ndithu lalikulu posungira chinenero Chisilavo Chakale tinatengera Chirasha. mawu Chisilavo mwamphamvu kwambiri mizu wamba wathu, ndi lero sitingathe ngakhale kusiyanitsa iwo ku mawu pachiyambi Russian.

Taonani zitsanzo zochepa kwa inu kudziwa mmene staroslavyanizmy kwambiri atagonjetsa mu chinenero chathu.

mawu yachipembedzo monga "ansembe", "wovulalayo", "Wand", anabwera kwa ife ku chinenero Chisilavo Chakale, pano ali ofanana ndi umboni zachikunja, monga "mphamvu", "tsoka", "chilolezo".

Kumene zambiri staroslavyanizmy okha. Tiyeni kukupatsani zizindikiro zochepa zimene zimaloza ku chakuti mawu - staroslavyanizmy.

1. Kukhalapo mabokosi WHO pamwamba ndi chrez-. Mwachitsanzo: kubwerera, amaika.

2. Zigawo za chizindikiro ndi mawu Mulungu, chosaopsa, greho-, ndipo amazunza ena. Mwachitsanzo: zlonravie, kugwa.

2. Kukhalapo kwa suffix -stv-, -zn-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch- -yasch-. Mwachitsanzo: otentha, limatsogolera.

Zingatanthauze kuti ife kutchulidwa ochepa chabe zina mwa zinthu zimene kuzindikira staroslavyanizmy, koma mwina sindikukumbukira mawu aliwonse amene amabwera kwa ife kuchokera Chisilavo Chakale.

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa phindu la mawu Chisilavo Chakale, tikhoza amalangiza kuyang'ana mu dikishonare uliwonse wa chinenero cha Chirasha. Pafupifupi onse a iwo anapitiriza mtengo awo oyambirira, ngakhale kuti papita oposa khumi.

Ntchito pa siteji pano

Pa nthawi, chinenero Chisilavo Chakale amaphunzira ku mayunivesite nzeru zina ndi ukatswiri, ndi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu mipingo.

Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti panthawi imeneyi chitukuko cha chinenero ankaona akufa. ntchito zake n'chotheka mu mpingo, ngati mapemphero ambiri olembedwa mu zilankhulo izi. Komanso, Dziwani chakuti malemba woyamba amasuliridwe chimodzimodzi mu chinenero Chisilavo Chakale ndipo akugwiritsabe ntchito monga mpingo ndi zapitazo.

Ponena za dziko la sayansi, tiona chakuti akale mawu Chisilavo ndi mtundu uliwonse wa munthu amapezeka m'zilembo za. Izi amakopa chidwi cha dialectology, kulola kuti aziphunzira chitukuko cha chinenero, mtundu munthu ndi zinenero zina zambiri.

Ofufuza za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri komanso kudziwa chinenero, popeza ntchito zawo chikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuphunzira misewu wakale.

Ngakhale izi, pa siteji iyi ya chinenero ankaona akufa, chifukwa pa izo, komanso Latin, Chigiriki kalekale palibe mmodzi ayankhula, ndikumudziwa iye ochepa.

The ntchito ya mpingo

Panopa chinenero Ambiri ntchito mu mpingo. Motero, pemphero Chisilavo Chakale angamvele mu mpingo uliwonse Orthodox. Komanso, amawerengedwa ndiponso ochokera mabuku a mpingo, Baibulo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, tiona kuti akuluakulu mpingo, ophunzira achinyamata, ana asukulu komanso kuphunzira chinenero ichi, mbali yake, phonetics ndi zithunzi. Masiku ano, chinenero Chisilavo Chakale akuti ndi chinenero cha Mpingo Orthodox.

Pemphero odziwika bwino kwambiri kuti kawirikawiri kuwerenga chilankhulo ichi - "Atate wathu". Koma pali zambiri za mapemphero mu chinenero Chisilavo Chakale, omwe zochepa zodziwika bwino. Mungapeze m'buku iliyonse ya kupemphera, kapena kumva, kuyendera mpingo wonse chomwecho.

Kuphunzira pa mayunivesite

Old chinenero Chisilavo chibwenzi ndi ndithu ambiri anaphunzira ku yunivesite. Kupatsira Philology, mbiri yakale, malamulo. M'masukulu ena apamwamba angathe kuphunzira kwa ophunzira ndi nzeru ena.

Pulogalamu kumaphatikizapo chiyambi nkhani, zilembo Chisilavo Chakale, makamaka phonetics, galamala. Malembedwe chikhazikitso.

Ophunzira osati kuphunzira malamulo, kuphunzira mawu kukopa, disassemble iwo monga mbali ya mawu, komanso kuwerenga malemba olembedwa mu zilankhulo izi, kuyesera kumasulira iwo ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo lake.

Zonsezi zachitika kuonetsetsa kuti akatswiri a zinenero akhoza kenako ntchito nzeru zawo phunziro la zipilala wakale zolembalemba, peculiarities wa chinenero cha Chirasha ndi zinenero zina zambiri ake.

Dziwani kuti kovuta kuphunzira Old chinenero Chisilavo. Text olembedwa, zovuta kuwerenga, chifukwa si ambiri archaisms, koma zilembo okha kuwerenga malamulo "YAT", "angasunge" ndi "Eph" poyamba kusungidwa movutikira.

Ophunzira a mbiri yakale chifukwa cha Zomwe mungaphunzire adzatha kuphunzira zipilala wakale chikhalidwe ndi mabuku, kuwerenga mbiri yakale ndi mbiri, kumvetsa zomwenso awo.

N'chimodzimodzinso ndi anthu amene akuphunzira kwa m'madipatimenti ndi nzeru, malamulo.

Ngakhale kuti masiku ano Chisilavo Chakale - chinenero akufa, chidwi wakhala zankhanza chiyambireni.

anapezazo

Chimene chinali chiyambi cha wakale Old chinenero Chisilavo, amene nawonso, m'malo ndi chinenero cha Chirasha. Old Asilavo chiyambi cha mawu amaona Russian mbadwa.

A thupi kwambiri za mawu mbali phonetic zinenero East Asilavo galamala - zonsezi chinaikidwa pa chitukuko ndi ntchito chinenero Chisilavo Chakale.

Old Church - mwalamulo chinenero akufa, amene panopa kulankhula atumiki mpingo wokha. Iwo unalengedwa kumbuyo m'zaka IX, abale Cyril ndi Methodius, ndipo unali ntchito yomasulira ndi kujambula mabuku mpingo. Ndipotu, Mpingo Old wakhala chinenero, amene sanalankhule anthu.

Lero ife sikuti ntchito, koma pa nthawi yomweyo chimagwiritsidwa anaphunzira luso ndi maseminare philological ndi mbiri yakale. Today m'Chisilavo mawu ndi chilankhulo chakale angamvele mwa kuchezera utumiki mu mpingo, chifukwa mapemphero onse mu mipingo Orthodox kuwerenga pa izo.