Mu nzeru za kupatsidwa ulemu - izo ... kupatsidwa ulemu Chiphunzitsochi William Whewell

Deductive ndi inductive njira cognition Ambiri mwa logic ndi nzeru. Angaonedwe m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi njira zimene zimachititsa n'zotheka kuti amachitsimikizira zatsopano zomwe zili kale zilipo. Pa zina - Apa tiona kuti anatchulidwa njira yapadera cognition. Taonani kusiyana pakati pawo ndi mbali ya limagwirira mfundo zofunikazi zowombetsa mkota, ngati kupatsidwa ulemu.

Philosophy: malingaliro zikuluzikulu za njira zosiyanasiyana kudziwa

Mawu "deduction" latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Latin zikutanthauza "kuchotsa." Ndiko kuti, pamene kwa onse iliyonse, chidziwitso umboni ndi kusintha kwa mtundu m'maganizo kapena makamaka. Kupatsidwa ulemu anamasuliridwa kuti "malangizo." Ndiko kuti, chikugwirizana ndi generalization ena payekha nzeru, kapena ngati zotsatira za kafukufuku. Mu nzeru za kupatsidwa ulemu - ndi zambiri njira chopezera ziweruzo wonse kwa deta experimental. Akukhulupirira kuti deduction amapereka nzeru chodalirika, ngati oona malo ake. Ndi wogwira mtima kwambiri, ndipo phwando nzeru zochokera European sayansi, makamaka masamu. Koma kupatsidwa ulemu ndi "zokayikitsa" choonadi, kumathandiza kupeza ake. Iwo ali chikhalidwe probabilistic ndipo, monga ulamuliro, ndi chifukwa cha chilengedwe cha malingaliro. Izi otchedwa chosakwanira kupatsidwa ulemu. Ndi zosinthika njira kuphunzira. Ngati mawu ena akhoza kukhala ndi umboni wokhudza onse akuyenda, tikulimbana ndi kupatsidwa ulemu zonse. Mu masamu, monga ulamuliro, ntchito deduction. Komabe, umatchedwa njira inductive. nkhani zonse mu dzina la axioms wapadera umene njira imeneyi zachokera.

Ulendowu m'mbiri ya amakedzana

Mu nzeru za kupatsidwa ulemu - njira yodziwira amene anabadwa pamodzi ndi chiphunzitso cha Socrates. Koma kumvetsa kwake kwa njira imeneyi wosiyana kwa amene kudziwika kwa ife tsopano. Iye adayitana poyerekeza ndi kuthetsedwa njira, pamene kuphunzira zina zapadera anali anataya matanthauzo n'chochepa kwambiri, ndipo anali phindu wonse. Ndi zikamera ziphunzitso Aristotle anasintha lonse wakale nzeru za Agiriki. Kupatsidwa ulemu unkakhazikitsidwa monga mfundo kupeza zodziwika wa zinthu zapadera. Kuganizira zimenezi ndipo ananena kuti dialectical. Wafilosofi waukulu wotchedwa njira kupatsidwa ulemu, zosiyana syllogism. Mfundo yaikulu ya kuphunzira ankakhulupirira deduction.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Zimene zikuchitika pa nthawi ino nzeru? Kupatsidwa ulemu - Kodi maziko a sayansi, ndinaganiza za manambalawo Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iwo kwambiri, Aristotle, monga chiphunzitso anali ochokera scholasticism, zimene ankaona ndi lothandiza hampering chitukuko cha sayansi. Makamaka kwakukulu pa nkhani imeneyi anali Frensis Bekon. Iye anakhulupirira kuti deduction ndi kudalira mawu ndi zizindikiro, ndi ngati yotsirizira molondola anakonza, ndiye onse a iwo pa kudziŵa sizimatanthauza. Iye anapempha kuti generalizations a zofufuza za asayansi, osati kuwafotokoza pa maziko a ziphunzitso wogwila.

Kupatsidwa ulemu mu "New Organon"

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngakhale kudana ndi Aristotle, Bacon pafupifupi anatsatira mfundo zake. Iye anatsutsa kupatsidwa ulemu wa syllogism, ndipo ntchito yake yaikulu otchedwa "New Organon", mu mwano Greek kwambiri. Pakati pa zochitika ndi zoona, iye ankaona woganiza, muyenera kuyang'ana mfundo osati mochuluka monga ubale causal. Iwo zochokera kusiyanako, zofanana, miyeso ndi kusintha ofanana. Chifukwa kupatsidwa ulemu wa Bacon anakhala njira yaikulu ya European sayansi ndi chidwi deduction wofooka. Koma tsopano patatha Descartes, nzeru kamodzinso anabwerera syllogism monga maziko kukwaniritsa zinthu zoona.

Bwererani kupatsidwa ulemu. John Stuart Mill

Ichi chinali English wasayansi kachiwiri modzudzula njira deductive mu epistemology. Iye ananena kuti syllogism kwenikweni kusintha kwa wina ndi chodabwitsa china makamaka, osati kuchokera ambiri ku yeniyeni. Monga amaona mapeto a maziko inductive choonadi cha sayansi. Mill zambiri ndipo likugwirizana ndi mawunikidwe Bacon. Poti maganizo, nzeru za kupatsidwa ulemu - ndi njira zinayi, amene inakula.

• The oyamba - anavomera. Ndiko kuti, pamene pali kufanana mu milandu awiri kapena kuposa chodabwitsa tikulimbana ndi chifukwa kuti kuphunzira.
• Chachiwiri - kusiyana izi. Mwachitsanzo, chinachake chikuchitika mu chodabwitsa limodzi, koma palibe mu zina, koma zinthu zina zonse zochitika zofanana. Choncho, kusiyana ndi chifukwa.
• Chachitatu - ndi sikelo. Tinene kuti afotokoze zina mwa zinthu zina enieni chodabwitsa lapansi. Kotero china chirichonse mu zodabwitsazi akhoza katengedwa ku mfundo otsala.
• Pomaliza, njira yoyenera. Tikaona kuti pambuyo chodabwitsa wina kumachitika pamene zinthu zinasintha mu ena, ndiye pali kugwirizana causal pakati pawo.

Nzeru za sayansi: kupatsidwa ulemu monga mmodzi wa mizati yake

English lotanthauzira mawu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi Uidyam Whewell, amene analemba ambiri ntchito zosiyanasiyana amalanga, anali mmodzi wa otsutsa olemekezeka Dzhona Styuarta Mill. Komabe, nayenso ankakhulupirira kuti kupatsidwa ulemu ali zosapindulitsa kwenikweni kudziwa. Izi motere ku mutu wa ntchito yake yaikulu. M'buku lake "The Philosophy wa Inductive Sciences" analenga furor m'lingaliro okhwima nzeru. Iwo anali munthu tikuchipeza kayankhulidwe ano m'munda wa kafukufuku. Mwachitsanzo, iye anapanga wotchuka mawu "sayansi", ndi kuwala dzanja lake ndi, Kodi asayansi potsiriza anasiya otchedwa "nzeru achilengedwe." chiphunzitso wake wa kupatsidwa ulemu ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi sanataye tanthauzo lake mpaka lero. Nzosadabwitsa Whewell anaitana mmodzi wa omwe adayambitsa nzeru za sayansi.

Talongosola mwatsatanetsatane za chiphunzitso cha kupatsidwa ulemu

Onse epistemology nzeru zapamwamba lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu cholinga ndi zotengera malingaliridwe. Mu maganizo ake, nzeru zonse amachokera malingaliro kapena zomverera. Koma chiphunzitso linachokera ku zinachitikira (inductive), chizindikiro cha patsogolo mu sayansi. Zinali ngati iwo anasonkhana pang'ono pang'ono deta zinachitikira anasonkhanitsa ndi experimenters, ndi ntchito kutsegula kufotokoza zimayambitsa ndi popanga malamulo. Whewell ankakhulupirira kuti akupitiriza ntchito Francis Bacon, choncho anakangana ndi Mill pokhulupirira kuti yotsirizira kutanthauziridwa kwambiri pang'onong'ono kupatsidwa ulemu, kuchepetsa izo kusamutsa ndi pachilichonse. The njira imene choonadi ambiri "m'khola 'la maphunziro mfundo zenizeni, kumabweretsa chitukuko cha sayansi ndi kulimbikitsa izo zisanachitike. Chiphunzitso cha kupatsidwa ulemu William Whewell ndi lingaliro la maganizo ntchito "generalization," lomwe ngati mtundu wa mlatho zikugwirizana kuphatikiza zina mwa mfundo. Choncho, "akusonyeza kuti" Akatswiri pa lingaliro lakuti mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito polemba pali zinthu zosiyana mwa lamulo lofunika.

Monga kulandira inductive kuzindikiridwa nthawi yathu

Tsopano sayansi ndi nzeru anazindikira onse mwa njira zimenezi chidziwitso. Kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction ankagwiritsa ntchito. Koma logic ndi choonadi cha malo akadali ndi maziko a chidziwitso ano sayansi. Zitsanzo za kupatsidwa ulemu wathunthu - pamene pali ndandanda wathunthu wa zinthu zonse pa maziko amene anatsimikiza ndi gulu lonse la iwo - osati sizachilendo. Makamaka mfundo zochokera njira imeneyi, probabilistic. Iwo akuyimira chosakwanira kupatsidwa ulemu tanthauzo lake. Kumene, chochitika - ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri choonadi. Koma njira inductive ntchito pokhapokha ngati pali dongosolo wonyong'onya zinthu zimene simunamalizebe Mill. Ngati nainte wa anthu - anthu kudzanja anaperekedwa, chakuti anthu a mtundu wa anthu alibe kukusalani chakuti munthu akhoza lamanzere. Choncho mfundo ndi nthawi imalongosola malire a njira inductive. Kawirikawiri Mwina yekha ndipo amafuna malo zina ndi umboni. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi kufanizira ndi. Iye anatchulapo ( "amatsogolera") pa angafanane chododometsa. Komabe, kufanana izi zikhoza weniweni osati nthawi zonse amasonyeza causation. chosakwanira njira kupatsidwa ulemu amakhala maziko cholakwacho. Zamatsenga ndi olakwika akhoza kukhala zolengedwa zake.

kupatsidwa ulemu zosowa kuyesa malingaliro sayansi

A wotsutsa odziwika a "kwathunthu njira" kufufuza Karl Popper amaona ongolankhula kudziwa m'munsi motere. Iye amayesetsa kuyankha mafunso atatu analeredwa ndi iwo. Kodi n'zotheka kulungamitsa kunena mtundu wa chilengedwe chonse kuti zimene zimachitikadi? Wafilosofi amakhulupirira kuti pali, choncho kupatsidwa ulemu, mfundo zake view, mu nkhani iyi sizikhudza. Komabe, mu nkhani zotsatirazi awiri n'chofunikira kwambiri. Kodi n'zotheka, anafunsa Popper, kuganiza kuti chiphunzitso zina ndi zabodza, ngati deta experimental potsutsa izo? Inde, ndithudi, iye anatero. Ndipo ngati pali maganizo ambiri, ndipo ena a iwo anakana zinachitikira, ndipo ena - palibe? Ndiye ife adzasankha anthu amene anakwanitsa "adzapulumuka". Motero malinga Popper, kupatsidwa ulemu monga njira yotsimikiza nthanthi n'chofunikira yaikulu. Kumatithandiza kudziwa Bodza la mawu, koma osati choonadi. Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo tikhoza kudziwa malingaliro amene ali kugonjetsedwa kwambiri pamene kudziyesa.