Chabwino luso la Roma. Features chikhalidwe cha Roma

Malinga ndi nkhani zakale, Rome unakhazikitsidwa m'ma 8 m'ma BC. e. Chikhalidwe cha ufumu wa Roma, omwe anali m'gulu la otchuka mu nthawi Kale, yathandiza yaikulu chitukuko European. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti zojambula ndi ziboliboli ku Roma zochokera amajambulapo maluwa okongola Greek, ndi zisudzo ndi nyimbo ndi inextricably zogwirizana miyambo Etruscan wakale.

Zochita za luso Roma

Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yakale Aroma n'kukagwiritsa luso mavuto maphunziro kapena makhalidwe abwino. Koma luso labwino la Roma zowawa katundu yothandiza khalidwe, monga ankaona mmene munthu rationally bungwe danga moyo. N'chifukwa chake kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu imeneyi wakale wa dziko wotanganidwa ndi mamangidwe a. Chitukuko cha Rome yakale anati nyumba yake yaikulu: mipingo, mabwalo ndi nyumba za mafumu.

Kuwonjezera pa zipilala zazikulu za zomangamanga, chikhalidwe cha Rome nthawi yamakedzana akhoza adzaweruzidwa ndi ziboliboli ambiri, amene anali ndi zithunzi za anthu amene anakhala pa nthawi. Life in Ancient Rome wakhala phunziro kwa malamulo okhwima, ndipo nthawi zina zithunzi sculptural analenga yekha kuti zimalimbikitsa kukumbukira wa olamulira kapena nkhope ya anthu otchuka. Only patapita kanthawi Roma Osema anayamba kupatsa khalidwe lawo zifaniziro kapena mbali yapadera. Zofunika zochitika m'mbiri ya ndiAmene Roma anasankha yosonyeza pa chosemacho.

Tikumbukenso kuti mbali ya chikhalidwe cha Roma pafupifupi kusapezeka zochitika monga zisudzo - m'lingaliro mwachizolowezi, komanso nthano zake. Ntchito zithunzi analengedwa ndi Ahelene chifukwa ambiri mwaluso Aroma pamfundo zochitika mokomera boma, kapena si kofunika kwambiri kwa iwo. Izi zinachitika makamaka chifukwa luso Rome akale motengera ofala, amene anali alendo ndi umboni ndi nzeru zaumunthu chiyambi ndi zopeka.

mbali zapadera luso Roma

Ngakhale kuli kutsimikiziridwa wa Rome monga chitukuko osiyana, mbiri yakale nthawi yaitali sanathe nadzawasankhula luso ku Roma wakale Greek. Komabe, popeza kuti ntchito zambiri za luso ndi mapulani cholowa cha Roma zinasungidwa kuti masiku athu, izo zikanakhala zotheka kudziwa zinthu zazikulu zimene zimapezeka ndi ntchito Roma. Choncho, kodi zikayenda ndi zoyambitsidwa za Roma m'munda wa luso chabwino zimaonetsa monga chodabwitsa paokha?

1. Kamangidwe kukwaniritsa Aroma anali kuphatikiza wa nyumba mu maganizo okhudza malo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. mapulani Roma ankakonda kumanga nyumba osiyana ndi ensembles ku matendawa, zachilengedwe, ndi ngati panalibe mmodzi, maofesi portage ndi makoma yaing'ono.
2. Mosiyana ndi Greek zithunzi pulasitiki luso Roma kukhala zophiphiritsa, ikuimira ndi danga zabodza. Izi Kutulukira Roma ndi zithunzi sculptural ndi luso amalola osati kukakambirana khalidwe sculpted zithunzi komanso mural kapena zithunzi fano.
3. ojambula zithunzi akale apanga unachokera mu Greece easel kupenta, amene sanali zofala kwawo mbiri.

Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zinthu wosakhwima ndi mochenjera diso layman, pali chinthu chinanso chimene chimathandiza ngakhale layman kudziwa umembala wa sculptural kapena kamangidwe chinthu akale chikhalidwe Roma. Ichi ndi kukula kwake. Chitukuko ku Roma amadziwika padziko lonse nyumba yake yaikulu ndi mafano. phindu ndi kangapo kuposa Akhristu a Greece wakale ndi mayiko ena.

periodization

Chabwino luso la Roma anayamba mu magawo angapo, omwe akufanana ndi nthawi ya chitukuko mbiri ya boma. Ngati zamoyo wa luso mbiri achigiriki agawanika pa mapangidwe (chachikale chinkawavuta), maluwa (zapamwamba) ndi mavuto (Agiriki), kutukula luso Roma amapeza zatsopano pa kusintha kwa ufumu wa ufumu. Chifukwa chotero chodabwitsa kuti zinthu komanso umoyo ndi zachuma maganizo unachita ofunika kusintha stylistic ndi luso mawonekedwe.

Masiteji mu zamoyo wa luso Rome imatengedwa kuti ndi nthawi ya ufumu wa Roma (7-5 m'ma BC. E.), Republican (5-1 m'ma BC. E.) Ndipo Roma nthawi (1-2 m'ma BC. E.). maluwa Izi zaluso onse, kuphatikizapo chosema, zisudzo, nyimbo ndi luso ndi ntchito zamanja, anadza pa mathero a 1st m'ma BC. e. ndipo mpaka kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma.

Art nthawi achifumu

Mapangidwe luso Roma inayambira 8 m'ma BC. e., pamene zolinga zikuluzikulu za zomangamanga a Etruscan njira kukonza nyumba, zomangamanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomangira nyumba. Tingaone zimenezi mu kachisi wa Capitoline Jupiter. Painting ndi kupanga zinthu zokongoletsera amagwiritsidwa kumagwirizana ndi mizu Etruscan. Only pakati pa 7 m'ma BC. e., pamene Aroma njuchi Greece, iwo anadziwa njira luso la Agiriki. Dziwani kuti ojambula zithunzi Roma kale anayesa kulenga ntchito zawo pafupi mipukutu yoyambirira yeniyeni. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena izi ndi mwambo opangidwa chigoba posthumous wa sera, imene ili chimodzimodzi mobwerezabwereza maonekedwe a nkhope ya munthu. Milungu ya Ancient Rome, ziboliboli omwe ikuchitika pa Ufumu wa Roma, zinali komanso anthu wamba.

Art nthawi Republic

Republican nthawi ya boma la Roma unali wotchuka ndi mapangidwe Kamangidwe komaliza: onse mosachotsera maofesi (zogona ndi kachisi) anapeza dongosolo ofananira ndi chosokonekera. wapakamwa wa nyumbayi dzina apo yaikulu kwambiri, n'kupita ku khomo la kuwuka (zambiri mwala staircase). m'mizinda ataphimbidwa ndi kumanga nyumba ya nyumba mkulu-nyamuka, pamene anthu olemera kumanga wakunja kwatawuni nyumba yamakhonde ndi zithunzi zokongola m'makoma ndiponso ziboliboli. Nthawi imeneyi, potsiriza anapanga mitundu ngati nyumba monga zisudzo of Ancient Rome (Bwalo la maseŵera), ngalande ndi milatho.

Zojambulidwa bwino chithunzi chosema zinali zochokera: nduna ndipo payekha. Poyamba anakwaniritsa cholinga kupitirizabe mayiko ndi wachiwiri analipo zikomo malangizo kupanga ziboliboli ndi busts nyumba ndi manda. nyumba ya onse chokongoletsedwa ndi Antiokeya-ziboliboli zosonyeza zithunzi kapena zochitika zithunzi za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa boma. Mipingo zambiri komanso Tingaone zojambula (kuphatikizapo Zithunzi ndi frescoes), imene milungu of Ancient Rome Buku.

Ufumu wa Roma: nthawi yomaliza ya chitukuko cha luso

Nthawi ya ufumu wa Roma ankaona kuti nthawi weniweni wa maluwa luso Roma. zomangamanga The chimakhala chogwidwa ndi Chipilala, m'chipinda chotetezeka ndi mzikiti. Stone makoma kulikonse akukumana ndi njerwa kapena nsangalabwi. m'madera ambiri mu malo mukukhala ndi zojambula ndi kukongoletsa ndi zoumba. Chabwino Art of Ancient Rome mu nthawi ino, wayamba kusintha kwakukulu. Kupanga zithunzi sculptural tcheru zochepa linaperekedwa kwa makhalidwe munthu, nthawi zina kuyang'ana pang'ono wopereŵera. Pa nthawi yomweyo Osema anayesa anafotokoza bwanji mofulumira kayendedwe, boma maganizo ankafotokozedwa (udindo wa thupi, manja ndi miyendo, hairstyle, ndi zina zotero. D.). Quezalcoatl chithunzi kutenga panorama mawonekedwe ndi chiwembu pang'onong'ono.

The kupenta kukongoletsa, mosiyana ndi nthawi yapita, izo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri chifukwa kukhazikitsa malo mapulani ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Utoto ntchito murals, kukuwalirawalirabe, ndi ma mtundu - ndi zosiyana. Kuwonjezera pa mtundu zithunzi, inafalitsidwa wakuda ndi oyera.

Wotchuka zithunzi sculptural

zithunzi Roma wa kanjedza onse, milungu, ndi ngwazi amene timapemphera chachikulu busts kapena ziboliboli. Oyambirira wakale chithunzi Aroma amati ndi mkuwa kugwira wa Juniasi Brutus. Zinaoneka chikoka chachikulu luso Greek, koma mmene zinthu Roma ndi asymmetry pang'ono muzigona kuonetsetsa kuti Osema Roma linali kale, m'zaka za m'ma 3 BC. e., anapereka ntchito yake pazipita Kuzindikira. Ngakhale chosowa njira zamakono zokhomakhoma mwatsatanetsatane zabwino za kugwira mwangwiro anaphedwa. Choyamba, izo zikusonyeza yabwino chosema ndevu ndi tsitsi.

The zimathandizadi ambiri akuti ndi chithunzi sculptural wa Vasipashani, mfumu ya Roma. Master osati mbali zochepetsetsa zoperekedwa chifaniziro chake, koma anapatsidwanso kugwira mbali khalidwe. chidwi limachokera maso kwambiri amangokhala ndi ang'ono, amawala masoka mochenjera ndi nzeru mfumu. Koma chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti ziboliboli ali akuonetsedwa ndi mfundo zabwino (mitsempha sefani ndi mitsempha khosi lake, nawoloka mphumi makwinya), kulankhula za mphamvu ndi mtima wa mtsogoleri boma. Osema No zochepa limaonetseratu anatembenuka kugwira wa moneylender Lutsiya Tsetsiliya Yukunda, maso adyera komanso tsitsi aliwonse umanena molondola kwambiri.

Manda wamkulu wa nyengo ya Aroma

Pakali pano, palibe kwathunthu anasunga palibe nyumba anamanga m'nyengo ya Roma. Wotchuka kwambiri ndi odziwika a iwo ndi Colosseum - m'bwalolo imene omenyana ndi inachitika ndi malankhulidwe a kanjedza anthu misinkhu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mafumu. Osachepera ali mbiri zokongola ndi kachisi wa Saturn, umene wakhala mobwerezabwereza kuwonongedwa ndi kumangidwanso kachiwiri. Wake mosiyana m'bwalo lalikulu la maseŵera kuona chosatheka, ngati mizati ochepa ku nyumba zokongola. Koma zinali zotheka kuti apulumutse Pantheon wotchuka, kapena kachisi wa milungu yonse, amene nyumba mwachilungamo lalikulu, korona mzikiti a.

andakatulo Roma ndi ntchito zawo

Ngakhale anaitenga ku nthano za Agiriki, Aroma anali maluso awo ndi mu Kuwonjezera ndakatulo, nyimbo zopeka. Alakatuli wotchuka wa Rome - Virgil ndi Horace. Woyamba wotchuka chifukwa olembedwa ndakatulo "Aeneid" imene ili amatikumbutsa kwambiri za "Iliad" wa Homer. Ngakhale zochepa limaonetseratu chigawo ndakatulo ndi luso ndakatulo izi amaona muyezo wa chinenero Latin. Horace M'malo mwake, wogwidwa kwambiri luso akuti, kotero anali bwalo ndakatulo, ndi mizere kuchokera ndakatulo wake ndi nyimbo akadali kuonekera mu ntchito za olemba ambiri.

zisudzo

Theatre of Ancient Rome poyamba anali anaberekera ndi nkhope zimene timaphunzira lero monga. Pafupifupi zisudzo onse ali pa mpikisano polemba chinenero cha ndakatulo ndi oimba. Only zina Roma luso okonda akhoza kusangalala ndi masewera zisudzo, limodzi ndi kwayala lalikulu. Nthawi zambiri, amaonetsa amaonetsa masewera aja, zisudzo, Kuyesezera ndi payekha kapena gulu kuvina. Chinthu chapadera cha Chiroma troupes zisudzo ntchito achuluka. Pankhani imeneyi omvera anati kuti iwo ndi osakwana zisudzo ndi.

Tikumbukenso kuti zovala ndi kudzipangitsa mmwamba akanapanda powasamalira. Only zina, kusewera udindo wa mfumu kapena munthu kwambiri boma, zisudzo anavala zobiriwira zovala wofiira mtundu. The repertoire inkakhala makamaka ntchito za olemba a chi Roma Horace, Virgil ndi Ovidi. Nthawi zambiri unhurried nthano ndi kuimba m'mabwalo anakwanitsa ndewu gladiator wamagazi, zomwe omvera anabwera ndi sindikondwera zochepa.

Music ndi nyimbo zoimbira

Music of Ancient Rome kusanduka paokha kuchokera Greek wakale. Pa zochitika anthu ndi zisudzo mwa zida wotchuka kwambiri nyimbo ndipo amatha kutulutsa mokweza kwambiri phokoso la mipope, nyanga ndi zina zotero. Komabe nthawi zambiri pa kuphedwa kwa adalipo zoimbira za zingwe: timpani, zeze, cittern. Dziwani kuti nyimbo adatengedwa zonse, kuphatikizapo mafumu a Aroma. Anali m'gulu la oimba zida komanso ndi anthu amene amalimbikitsa mu chosema. Great kutchuka ndi chikondi cha anthu Roma panthawiyo kuti ntchito imene oimba ndi Kifared Apele, Terpny, Diodorusi, Anaksenor, Tigelly ndi Mesomed. Music of Ancient Rome akali ndi moyo, ngati anasunga osati zolinga zikuluzikulu, komanso zida zoimbira.

Mphamvu ya luso Chiroma pa zalero

Pa chikoka cha chitukuko Aroma ano analankhula kwambiri ndipo kulikonse. Kumene, ndi makhalidwe a Roma, kapena m'malo mmodzi wa ulamuliro wake, kutanthauza kuti ndinu, pali si akuimira mu uthunthu wake. Komabe tikhoza kale kunena kuti zomangamanga, zosemasema ndi luso zithunzi za m'nthawi ya Aroma mwachindunji zochita chikhalidwe chigawo pafupifupi maiko onse European. Izi zimaonekera makamaka zomangamanga, kumene mogwirizana ndi nyumba otchuka ndi akachita momveka bwino symmetrical mawonekedwe.